Epidemiological characteristics of several common respiratory infectious diseases;
1. Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which is highly contagious.
The source of infection is influenza patients. Influenza is mainly transmitted by air or droplets in a crowded and closed environment, or by direct contact with the secretions of patients.
People are generally susceptible. The incubation period is short, usually 1-3 days.
The epidemic situation of influenza is seasonal. The epidemic situation in northern China generally occurs in winter and spring, and cases occur in four seasons in the south, with the peak in summer and winter.
Main clinical manifestations: fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, rhinitis, sore throat and cough, and gastrointestinal discomfort.
2. Mumps is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by mumps virus.
The source of infection is mumps patients and virus carriers. Mumps can be transmitted by direct contact with saliva or droplets of patients. The patient was infectious on the 6th and 7th day before parotid gland became obviously swollen and the 9th day after parotid gland became swollen.
The susceptible population is children and adolescents over 1 year. The incubation period is 12 ~ 25 days, usually 18 days. After infection, lasting immunity can generally be obtained.
Mumps occurs all year round, but mainly in winter and spring.
Main clinical manifestations: Precursor symptoms may be fever, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, etc. 0 to 2 days after the onset of 65438+, there will be pain in the zygomatic arch or ear, and then swelling of salivary glands, usually one or both parotids can be seen. In addition to parotid gland enlargement, it can also cause meningitis, meningoencephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis and pancreatitis.
3. Chickenpox is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus (a kind of herpes virus).
The source of infection is chicken pox patients. Chickenpox is spread through droplets produced by patients' cough or nasal cavity and throat secretions scattered in the air, and it can also be spread indirectly through direct contact between people or contact with items contaminated by acne pulp.
The population is generally susceptible, but the patients are mainly children. The incubation period is 10 ~ 24 days, usually 14 ~ 16 days. You can get lifelong immunity after illness.
Main clinical manifestations: the patient is contagious from 2 days before eruption to 6 days after eruption. Slight fever, fatigue and weakness appeared in the early stage of illness; A few hours after the macula appeared, it turned into papules and herpes. The distribution of rash is centripetal, that is, there are more trunks and heads and fewer limbs. Generally speaking, a typical blister rash lasts about 1-6 days. Because the rash appears continuously and in batches, all stages of the rash (namely, macula, papule, herpes and scab) can be seen in the same part of the patient within 2-3 days after the eruption. In most cases, patients have mild symptoms and can be cured without treatment.
4. Measles is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by measles virus.
The source of infection is measles patients. Measles is mainly transmitted by droplets or direct contact with nasal and throat secretions of patients.
People are generally susceptible. Before the advent of measles vaccine, measles was a common infectious disease among children. After the invention of related vaccines, the incidence of measles has been greatly reduced. The incubation period of measles is 7 to 18 days, usually 14 days. Have lasting immunity after recovery.
The onset season of measles is mostly winter and spring, but it can occur all year round.
Its main clinical manifestations: cough, runny nose, fever, jealousy and leukoplakia in the mouth at the initial stage of infection; After 3 ~ 7 days, maculopapules will appear on the skin, which generally spread from the face to the whole body for 4 ~ 7 days or up to 3 weeks, leaving brown spots or desquamation; The respiratory system, digestive system and brain of seriously ill patients will be affected, leading to serious consequences and even death.
Second, the focus of prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases
1. Maintain good personal and environmental hygiene.
2, wash your hands frequently, wash your hands with soap or hand sanitizer and tap water, don't wipe your hands with a dirty towel. Wash your hands immediately after contact with respiratory secretions (such as sneezing).
3. Cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or paper towel when sneezing or coughing, so as not to pollute others with droplets. Patients wear masks at home or when they go out to avoid infecting others.
4, a balanced diet, moderate exercise, full rest, to avoid excessive fatigue.
5. School classrooms, dormitories and other places where people are concentrated should be ventilated several times a day (ventilation should be avoided in winter) to keep the indoor air fresh.
6. During the period of high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases, try to avoid crowded and heavily polluted places; You'd better wear a mask when necessary.
7. Vaccination against influenza before the influenza epidemic season can also reduce the chance of infection or relieve flu symptoms.
8, prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases, the key to achieve "four early", namely: early detection, early reporting, early isolation, early treatment.
(1) It is very important for the early detection of infectious diseases, especially in the epidemic season, to establish the school morning check-up system and the tracing and registration system for the reasons of absence due to illness. Therefore, schools (especially primary and secondary schools) or child care institutions should establish and implement the school morning check-up system and the tracing and registration system for reasons of absence due to illness. When teachers find that students have early symptoms of infectious diseases, suspected infectious disease patients and are absent from class due to illness, they should promptly notify the school infectious disease epidemic reporter for further investigation to ensure early detection and early reporting of infectious diseases.
(2) Once a school finds an infectious disease patient or a suspected infectious disease patient, it shall promptly report to the local disease prevention and control institution and report to the higher education administrative department. And under the guidance of the health department, do the corresponding prevention and control work. The education administrative departments at all levels shall, after receiving the report on the epidemic situation of infectious diseases in schools, promptly report to the education administrative department at the next higher level, the government at the same level and the health administrative department.
Knowledge of prevention and treatment of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis
Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis is a kind of purulent meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis spreading through respiratory tract. Most people infected with Neisseria meningitidis are nasopharyngeal carriers (carriers), and only a few become meningococcal patients. Meningitis patients and carriers are the source of infection. Bacteria spread directly from the air through droplets such as coughing and sneezing. The population is generally susceptible, but it is mainly teenagers aged 10-20. The disease can occur all year round, but it mostly occurs in winter and spring (165438+ 10 to May of the following year, with the peak in March-April). The main clinical manifestations of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis are sudden high fever, headache, vomiting, bleeding spots or ecchymosis on skin and mucosa, stiff neck and purulent cerebrospinal fluid. A few cases are serious, the course of disease progresses rapidly, and improper treatment can easily lead to death.
The key to prevent and control "epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis" is to achieve "four early", that is, early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment. Prevention and control measures take comprehensive prevention and control measures, mainly including strengthening personal protection, vaccination, strengthening monitoring, early detection of patients and active isolation treatment.
Discovery and report on epidemic situation. It is very important to establish and improve the monitoring and reporting system of infectious diseases in schools for the early detection and control of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in schools. Education administrative departments at all levels and schools must make clear the reporters of school infectious diseases as soon as possible, and be responsible for the monitoring and reporting of school infectious diseases. The school infectious disease epidemic reporter should keep abreast of students' attendance and health. Once infectious disease patients or suspected infectious disease patients are found, they should report to the local disease prevention and control institutions in time and report to the higher education administrative department.
(1) Found the epidemic situation. Primary and secondary schools should establish and implement the "morning check-up" system and strengthen the monitoring of students' health status. The morning check-up should be under the guidance of the health care personnel of the special (part-time) vocational school or the reporter of the epidemic situation of infectious diseases in the school. The class teacher or the class hygienist should observe and ask every student who arrives at school in the morning to know the attendance and health status of the students in time. If the class teacher or class hygienist finds that the students have early symptoms of infectious diseases (such as fever, general pain, headache, vomiting, cough, bleeding spots or ecchymosis on the skin and mucosa, etc.). ) and suspected infectious disease patients (students who take sick leave should trace the cause), they should promptly report to full-time (part-time) health care personnel or school infectious disease epidemic reporters for investigation to ensure early detection. In addition, schools should educate students to have self-observation ability. If they feel unwell, such as fever, general pain, headache, vomiting and cough, they should tell their parents or teachers in time to ensure early detection and treatment.
(2) epidemic situation report. When many students in the same class, the same floor or the same dormitory have fever, general pain, headache, vomiting, cough, skin and mucous membrane bleeding or ecchymosis in a short time, we should attach great importance to whether it is a precursor to the epidemic of infectious diseases. The class teacher or teacher, dormitory administrator and other relevant personnel shall immediately report to the full-time (part-time) health care personnel or the school infectious disease epidemic reporter. The school's infectious disease epidemic reporter must report to the local and county (district) level disease prevention and control institutions at the first time, and report to the higher education authorities at the same time. The contents of the report should include: time and place of onset, number of patients, main symptoms, close contacts, measures taken, etc. After receiving the epidemic report, the education administrative departments at all levels shall promptly report to the education administrative department at the next higher level and the health administrative department, and report the major epidemic to the local government.
Management of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis. Meningococcal schools should actively cooperate with the centers for disease control and prevention to carry out their work, provide necessary information, implement relevant measures, appease the emotions of patients' families, rationally adjust their work and teaching plans, control the epidemic situation, and do a good job in stability. Schools should actively cooperate with the local centers for disease control and prevention to take the following measures to control the epidemic and prevent its further spread.
(1) Isolate the patient. Those who find early symptoms of infectious diseases should take timely isolation measures to urge sick students or inform their parents to go to the hospital immediately. (1) Those with fever (body temperature ≥38℃) or ≥37.5℃ accompanied by chills, cough, headache, vomiting and muscle aches should be advised to seek medical advice in time, go home to rest or arrange to live in a separate dormitory area. During the break, don't take part in group activities or enter public places. At the same time, assign special personnel to track and record the outcome and report to the local disease prevention and control institutions. (2) After 48 hours of fever, patients can return to normal classes.
(two) the implementation of daily morning inspection system. Students are found to have early symptoms of "meningitis" such as fever, general pain, headache, vomiting, cough, bleeding spots or ecchymosis on skin and mucosa, so they should be urged to seek medical treatment in time and go home to rest.
(3) Strengthen indoor ventilation. According to Hygienic Standard for Classroom Ventilation in Primary and Secondary Schools (GB/T172261998), it is necessary to take air once every hour. (1) Ventilation in classrooms, libraries (reading rooms) and other learning places. Schools should determine the ventilation mode and frequency according to different seasons and weather. For example, when the weather is warm, it is advisable to open the windows all day. When the weather is cold, it is advisable to use the windows of classrooms and corridors to open the windows before and during classes. (2) Ventilation of living places such as dormitories: Dormitory administrators should urge students to open dormitory windows after getting up every day to ensure fresh air in the dormitory. Every day, we should supervise and inspect the ventilation in classrooms, dormitories and other places where students study and live, and incorporate them into the assessment of grades and classes.
(4) The school should reduce or stop collective activities according to the actual situation, minimize contact with students in sick classes, and avoid gathering of the whole school or many people as much as possible. When necessary, emergency measures such as suspension of classes can be taken according to law (approved by the county government) to control the further spread of the epidemic.
(5) disinfection treatment. Under the guidance of professionals from local disease prevention and control institutions, schools should carry out wet cleaning on some key places and public goods, spray disinfection with 1% bleaching powder clarification or other chlorine-containing preparations when necessary, and wipe or wipe the surface of objects with hydrogen-containing preparations with appropriate concentration (1:49 bleach, chlorine dioxide solution and other chlorine-containing disinfectants).
(6) Strengthen health promotion and health education, and enhance students' awareness and ability of prevention. According to the epidemic characteristics of infectious diseases, schools should increase publicity and education on the knowledge of infectious diseases prevention and control in winter and spring through various forms, especially to educate students to develop good personal hygiene habits, such as covering their mouth and nose with paper towels and handkerchiefs when sneezing or coughing, not sneezing or coughing directly in front of others, and not throwing used paper towels and handkerchiefs around; Wash your hands after sneezing, coughing and wiping your nose. Wash hands immediately after contact with patients and respiratory secretions, and wear a mask when nursing patients. It is necessary to strengthen physical exercise and nutrition, maintain adequate rest, enhance physical fitness and improve the body's disease resistance. Keep the air circulation in the classroom at home. If you are sick, encourage timely medical treatment and rest at home.
(7) Preventive medication and emergency vaccination. In accordance with the requirements of the Regulations on the Administration of Vaccine Circulation and Vaccination, preventive medication and emergency vaccination can be given to the school population after being decided by the people's government at or above the county level where the school is located and reported to the health authorities of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government for the record. (1) Preventive medication: emergency preventive medication can be taken for close contacts under the guidance of a doctor. The drug can be sulfanilamide or other antibacterial drugs (such as rifampicin). (2) Emergency vaccination: According to the laboratory diagnosis of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis cases, the results of population immune monitoring and flora monitoring, the health professional institutions decide the types of vaccines to be used.
Spring blossoms, the old saying is new. You should be careful of five seasonal infectious diseases:
Scarlet fever, meningitis, measles, chicken pox, mumps.
Beginning of spring said that the topic of preventing infectious diseases in spring will be brought up again. Professor Tan, an infectious disease expert, especially reminded everyone that the temperature is dry in early spring and the respiratory resistance is poor. If you often go to crowded public places, it is easy to cause infectious diseases.
Strawberry tongue distinguishes scarlet fever.
Scarlet fever is a respiratory infectious disease caused by bacteria, which is characterized by fever, pharyngitis and rash. Its rash is manifested as a rash on the second day after fever, and needle-sized spots can be seen on the basis of diffuse congestion (pressure fading) flushing of the whole body skin. At the same time, the tongue coating is white and the tongue is red, much like strawberries, so it is called "strawberry tongue".
Clever identification of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis
Meningitis is characterized by fever, headache, vomiting, severe septic shock, and even high fever, convulsion and coma (fulminant type). Many little red dot (bleeding spots) can be seen on the body (skin or mucous membrane) of most patients with meningitis.
Be wary of adult measles.
Adult measles: fever with catarrhal symptoms of respiratory tract (such as cough, runny nose, sneezing, red eye, excessive secretion, etc.). ), erupts from behind the ears and hair roots around the fourth day of fever, and then spreads to the whole body.
Chickenpox won't leave any trace.
Chickenpox is a common infectious disease in children. On the day of fever, there is a rash: macula, papule, herpes zoster, scab and scab skin falling off, leaving no trace. Chickenpox can also be complicated by pneumonia, encephalitis and rash (when herpes zoster occurs).
Mumps is mumps.
Mumps, commonly known as mumps, is a disease of various glands in the whole body caused by mumps virus, which can also invade gonads. In addition to fever, it is accompanied by local gland swelling and pain. Children are meningitis, and adults (men) are pancreatitis and orchitis.
Prevention is the key to infectious diseases, and three links should be grasped in the epidemic of infectious diseases: controlling the source of infection; Cut off the route of transmission; Protect susceptible people, do a good job in vaccination, preventive medication and strengthen outdoor exercise, and strive to improve the body's immunity and disease resistance.
Pay attention to common infectious diseases of children in spring
Spring not only brings us warm sunshine and fresh air, but also brings viruses and bacteria.
Expert tip: Spring is the season of high incidence of infectious diseases, such as chicken pox, mumps and meningitis. Because children's systems are underdeveloped and their resistance is low, they often cannot prevent diseases.
The following is the identification of chickenpox, mumps and meningitis and the methods of home care for parents' reference:
Chickenpox is an acute infectious disease caused by herpes zoster virus.
Susceptible age: 3 ~ 5 years old
Transmission route: respiratory droplet transmission and direct contact transmission.
Isolation period: at least 6 days
Incubation period: 7- 17 days
Precursor stage: the onset is urgent, and the symptoms of children in prodromal stage are often not obvious, and the rash is first seen. Older children often have fever, which can reach 39-40℃, often accompanied by general malaise, loss of appetite, and can see precursor rashes such as scarlet fever or measles-like rashes, which disappear within 24 hours.
Rash stage: it appears on the day of onset or the next day. It starts as a red maculopapular rash, and soon turns into herpes after several hours, with small water-drop blisters with a diameter of 0.3-0.8mm, and there is redness around it. Within 24 hours, the blister fluid becomes turbid and easily damaged. Herpes lasts for 3-4 days and then scabs, and the scab cover falls off on the 5th 5- 10/0 day, leaving an oval shallow scar in a short time. Chickenpox rashes generally appear in batches within 3-5 days of onset, and the development of each batch of rashes has the above process. So maculopapule, herpes zoster and scab can appear at the same time. The rash is itchy. The rash mainly occurs in the head and face, with less distal limbs, less palms and soles, and is distributed centripetally, which is one of the characteristics of varicella rash. The number of rashes ranges from dozens to hundreds. Mucosal varicella rash can occur in the mouth, conjunctiva, vulva and so on. After rupture, it can become a superficial ulcer and heal quickly. If there is herpes on the cornea, it is potentially dangerous to vision.
Complications: Bacterial infection secondary to rash is common.
Home care methods:
1. Children with fever should stay in bed, drink plenty of water, strengthen nutrition and give them digestible food.
2, help children cut short nails to prevent children from itching and scratching herpes, otherwise it is easy to cause secondary infection. If the blister breaks a yellow scab, it means that it has secondary infection, and effective antibiotics must be added.
3. If you find that the child feels itchy and the herpes has not been scraped, you can wipe the wound with calamine and take chlorpheniramine orally.
4, pay attention to keep the skin clean, underwear should be changed frequently.
2. Mumps is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by mumps virus.
Susceptible age: 3 ~ 15 years old.
Transmission route: through air droplets.
Isolation period: generally about 40 days.
Incubation period: 14-24 days, but the most common is 17- 18 days.
Precursor period: 1-2 days, often accompanied by fever, fatigue, muscle aches, loss of appetite, vomiting, headache, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, etc. Occasionally, there is meningeal irritation sign first, most patients may not have prodromal period, and swelling and pain in the lower ear are the earliest symptoms.
Buccal swelling stage: Buccal swelling is usually bilateral, one side can be seen first, and the other side is swollen after 1 ~ 2 days. The swollen parotid gland spreads around with the earlobe as the center, reaching the peak in 2 ~ 3 days, with local pain, which is more obvious when opening the mouth or chewing. The surface is burning, the parotid gland on the cheek is red and swollen, and submandibular gland and sublingual gland are also involved one after another. After 4 ~ 5 days, the swelling of parotid gland subsided for about 1 ~ 2 weeks.
Complications: Meningeal encephalitis and orchitis are common.
Home care methods:
1, sick children need to be isolated until the swollen parotid gland completely subsides.
2. The diet should be liquid or semi-liquid to relieve the pain caused by chewing, avoid eating acidic food, and avoid increasing salivation and aggravating pain. Meanwhile, drink plenty of water.
3, pay attention to oral hygiene, you can rinse your mouth with light salt water, 3 to 4 times a day.
4. The family room often opens doors and windows and is fully ventilated. Under the guidance of a doctor, take Banlangen granules and other drugs orally, apply the drugs locally to swollen cheeks, and apply them externally with Ruyi Huang Tu powder and vinegar or tea, 1 ~ 2 times a day 1 time; Or mash cactus to get juice and white sugar, apply it on gauze and apply it on the swollen part, and change it every 12 hours. If the child has persistent high fever, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain and other abnormal conditions, he should go to the infectious diseases department of the hospital or the infectious diseases hospital in time to find out whether there is the possibility of meningoencephalitis and pancreatitis.
3. Meningitis is a special type of purulent meningitis caused by meningococcus. Through respiratory infection, the prevalence rate of children under 6 years old is the highest.
Susceptible age: children under 6 years old are more common.
Transmission route: through droplets and air.
Isolation period: from onset to disappearance of symptoms.
Incubation period: 2- 10 days, usually 2-3 days.
Common encephalitis: symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection begin to appear in winter and spring, with sudden high fever, headache, neck pain and vomiting. Some patients developed herpes around the mouth on the 3rd to 4th day. Neck stiffness, Klebsiella and Brucella meningeal irritation sign were positive. In most cases, petechiae and ecchymosis appear on the skin and mucosa within a few hours after onset, or accompanied by maculopapules, which are dark red or purplish red in size and unevenly distributed, and most of them do not fade after pressing.
Fulminant meningitis:
1, shock type: sudden high fever, headache, extreme burnout, disturbance of consciousness and convulsion. The ecchymosis of the whole body expands rapidly, even bleeding or necrosis under the skin. Pale face, blue lips, cold limbs, shortness of breath, rapid pulse, decreased blood pressure, etc.
2, meningoencephalitis type: sudden high fever, severe headache and vomiting, restlessness, frequent convulsions, rapid coma. Increased heart rate, slow breathing, elevated blood pressure, different pupil sizes, irregular edges, slow or disappearing response to light, irregular breathing, etc.
Home care methods:
1. Take children to public places as little as possible;
2, regularly open the doors and windows for ventilation; Drying bedding, washing clothes and washing your mouth and nose with salt water can effectively prevent the occurrence and prevalence of meningitis.
3, pay attention to protect the skin clean, wash and change frequently, eat, give a liquid diet based on carbohydrates, and keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. Pay close attention to the changes of body temperature. If you have high fever, measure your body temperature 1 every 2 hours.