In reading Lu Xun's works, I often think: Lu Xun stumbled and made countless enemies. He once believed in pluralism in his life. However, what spiritual power made him face all kinds of dark organizations and hooligans all his life, and still "stand sideways" after being scarred? It takes courage to fight the enemy, and it takes more courage to fight the same people. Lu Xun did it. Breaking with the representative of the CPC Central Committee headed by Zhou Yang in his later years fully illustrates this point. What spiritual power made him do this? In thinking, I came to a conclusion: Lu Xun was a literati who could observe people and things with independent and free thinking all his life. If you want to use a word to describe Lu Xun's writing attitude all his life, there is no more appropriate word than "independence". This was the case when he opposed the feudal system culture during the May 4th Movement, and it was also the case when he joined the Left League in his later years and became a leftist. "Independence" enables his criticism to be detached from ideology and political power system and become a thorough critic. It is conceivable that if Lu Xun is still alive, then his fate can be imagined. The spirit of independent criticism is the most essential part of Lu Xun's ideological system, and it is the most precious quality that China intellectuals, especially left-wing intellectuals, lacked in the 20th century.
As Mr. Qian Liqun said, Lu Xun's central idea is to "cultivate people" and pursue personal spiritual freedom, that is, to oppose human slavery. He is highly vigilant against any thoughts and intentions that enslave people. The spirit of independence kept Lu Xun out of the system. He is highly wary of any power system, even for progressive and revolutionary parties. He believes that when the revolution aimed at overthrowing human slavery is transformed into a system, it will also produce a force to oppress and enslave people. Therefore, he has a very clear understanding of the relationship between literature and politics (unfortunately, this understanding has not affected most intellectuals who entered the left-wing system since then). His understanding is clearly reflected in his articles such as Literature in the Revolutionary Era, Literature and Revolution, Revolutionary Literature, and The Wrong Way of Literature and Politics. What is particularly worth mentioning is the Wrong Road of Literature and Politics published by him at Jinan University 1928 (4) in Shanghai. Its incisive exposition of the subtle relationship among writers and artists, revolutionaries and politicians has been unparalleled for decades.
In The Wrong Way of Literature and Politics, Lu Xun began by discussing the initial relationship between literature and art, revolution and politics. He said: "I often feel that literature and politics are always in conflict, and literature and revolution are not antagonistic. There is a disturbing sense of identity between them. But politics maintains the status quo, and nature and literature and art that are uneasy about the status quo are in different directions. " As a writer and artist, Lu Xun shared the same position as the Progressive Revolutionary Party at that time. They were not satisfied with the status quo, had a beautiful vision for society, wanted to move forward, and were dissatisfied with all the ideas and systems that enslaved people. Politicians are in power, but their roles are just the opposite. To maintain their rule, they should maintain the status quo. When the social situation became complicated, "literature and art also rose, constantly colliding with politics;" Politics wants to maintain the status quo and make it unified, while literature and art promote social evolution and gradually separate it; Although literature and art divide society, only in this way can society progress. Since literature and art are a thorn in the side of politicians, they are bound to be excluded. Many foreign writers are untenable in their own country and desperately go to other countries; This method is "escape". If you can't escape, you will be killed and cut off his head; Cutting off your head is the best way. You can't talk or think. " Lu Xun's analysis is incisive and accurate. Later, he became a friend of the then Progressive Revolutionary Party-Producer Party and a gnashing enemy of the ruling Kuomintang, which is the epitome of this consciousness.
But what makes Lu Xun more sober is that he thinks deeper and farther than others. He extended his thoughts to the success of the revolution, revolutionists became politicians, and thoughts became systems. He said: "after the success of the revolution, I was a little idle;" Some people praise the revolution, others praise the revolution, which is no longer revolutionary literature. They praise the revolution, praise the revolution, that is, praise the strong. What does it have to do with the revolution? "Lu Xun has already seen through the subtle relationship between politics and revolution, reflecting his position as a pure intellectual. As an intellectual, his independent critical spirit enables him to get rid of the shackles of political groups and institutional power and truly start from people-oriented. His criticism of power and those in power is whether before or after the revolution, whether in the new society or the old society. Compared with Lu Xun's true criticism, on the surface that the left wing is extremely popular, it is actually a disguised criticism of "praising virtue" and a false criticism. While criticizing pseudo-revolutionary literature, Lu Xun realized that after the success of the revolution, the literati who spoke with their conscience in an independent manner could not get rid of their tragic fate. He said: "At this time, there may be sensitive writers who are dissatisfied with the status quo and want to speak out. Political revolutionaries used to agree with former writers and artists; It was not until the revolution was successful that politicians adopted the old methods used by those who opposed the revolution in the past, but they were still dissatisfied with it and had to be fired or beheaded. "Lu Xun revealed not only the facts at that time, but also the unchanging historical law of China for thousands of years. This rule is very clear to people who like to read history.
In the intellectual theories of Mannheim and Said, independence and criticism are indispensable for elite intellectuals, and Lu Xun is such a pure intellectual. Enlightenment, independence and criticism are his life beliefs. Out of longing for the progressive revolution, he joined the Left League in his later years, but he always kept a distance from the system and power. His disgust and contempt for Zhou Yang, the leader of the Left League, can be regarded as a manifestation of his independent consciousness. As intellectuals, Zhou Yang and Guo Moruo are qualitatively different from Lu Xun. After being satisfied with certain powers, these intellectuals can give up the right of independent thinking, become the phonograph of politics, the horn of political parties and engage in obedient literature. Lu Xun's left leaning in his later years can be regarded as his approach to progressive political parties from the perspective of populism, but his spiritual quality determines that he will never give up his right to think independently or lay down his weapon of criticism. His exposure and criticism of reality can point to both the corrupt and autocratic Kuomintang government and the revolutionary camp that needs progress and liberation. His criticism of national character and those in power is an eternal topic. In fact, after the success of the revolution, his criticism will never be allowed to exist in the revolutionary camp.
Soong Ching Ling (Mrs. Sun Yat-sen), the late honorary chairman of People's Republic of China (PRC), was a great fighter of patriotism, internationalism and capitalism, an outstanding international political activist and an outstanding leader of People's Republic of China (PRC).
Originally from Wenchang County, Hainan Province,/kloc-0 was born in Shanghai on October 27th, 1893. Her father is a patriot. She graduated from the Literature Department of American Wesleyan Women's College. Since 19 13, he has followed Sun Yat-sen and devoted himself to the revolutionary cause in China, seeking the independent liberation of the Chinese nation. In the long years of nearly seventy years, it has gone through the national defense movement (19 17), the first great revolution (1924- 1927) and the second revolutionary civil war (1927-/kloc-0). From the War of Liberation (1945- 1949) to the founding of New China (1949), she unswervingly adhered to Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary thought, stood firmly with the people of China, and worked hard for the prosperity of the motherland and the happiness of people's lives, bravely and fearlessly. In the modern history of China,
Soong Ching Ling was elected as a member of the World Peace Council in 1950, and won the Stalin International Peace Prize in 195 1. 1952 was elected chairman of the Asia-Pacific Peace Liaison Committee. In the long-term international political activities, she has made unremitting efforts and made outstanding contributions to opposing the war of aggression, defending world peace, carrying forward the progressive culture, promoting social progress and human happiness, and enhancing the understanding and friendship of people of all countries. Therefore, she is widely revered and regarded as one of the greatest women in the twentieth century. On May 8th, 198 1, the University of Victoria in Canada awarded Soong Ching Ling an honorary doctorate in law. On May 29th of the same year, he died in Beijing due to illness.
Soong Ching Ling was very concerned about her children's physical and mental health. Under extremely difficult conditions, she initiated and set up children's cultural education and health care institutions, which played an exemplary role in China.
She is selfless and fearless, hardworking and persistent in pursuit. Her integrity and magnanimous mind are admired by people of all ethnic groups in our country. She always wanted to see the reunification of the motherland before her death.
Soong Ching Ling's name and achievements will always be admired by people of all ethnic groups, including compatriots in Taiwan Province Province and overseas Chinese, as well as people who love peace and justice all over the world.