In the past 20 years, China has made remarkable progress in environmental protection. However, the current environmental problems are still very serious. The environmental problems faced by China are complex and diverse, which are the result of long-term accumulation under specific historical conditions and social background. To sum up, China's environmental problems are mainly in two aspects: one is the environmental pollution centered on the city, and the other is the destruction of the natural ecological environment. These two kinds of environmental problems intersect, influence and interweave with each other, which makes the environmental problems faced by China quite severe. At present, urban-centered environmental pollution is still developing and spreading to rural areas, especially in some economically developed and densely populated areas. The scope and degree of ecological damage are also expanding and deepening. Environmental pollution and ecological destruction have become important factors that restrict the development of national economy and affect social stability.
I. Environmental pollution
Although China has made remarkable achievements in environmental protection during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the environmental quality in some areas has improved. However, on the whole, the environmental pollution in China is still increasing and the environmental quality is still deteriorating. The content of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere remains high, the quality of water environment deteriorates, the amount of solid waste pollution is extensive, the noise disturbs people seriously, and environmental pollution accidents occur from time to time. According to a report recently published by China Academy of Social Sciences, the scale of environmental pollution in China ranks among the top in the world. 195 The economic loss caused by environmental pollution reached187.5 billion yuan, accounting for 37% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that year. These losses are mainly reflected in: human health losses account for about 32%, agricultural losses account for 32%, industrial materials and buildings losses account for 30%, and others account for 6%.
1. Water Pollution China is a country with serious water shortage in the world. Although the total amount of water resources is the sixth in the world, the per capita fresh water resources are only 2300 cubic meters, which is only the world average 10000 cubic meters 1/4, ranking seventh in the world. At present, both urban and rural areas are short of water. According to statistics, more than half of the more than 600 cities in China are short of water, including 108 cities with severe water shortage, and the daily water shortage is160,000 cubic meters. Millions of people are short of domestic water, and more and more cities are short of polluted water. The industrial output value affected by water shortage is about 230 billion yuan per year. With the development of the city, the improvement of people's life and the increase of urban population, the water shortage will expand; Agriculture lacks about 30 billion cubic meters of water every year. There are 80 million rural people in China, more than 30 million livestock can't get drinking water, and 06.7 million hectares of farmland can't be fully irrigated due to lack of water, resulting in a reduction of grain production by half. According to the calculation of relevant departments, by the year 2000, the total water shortage in China will reach 77.8 billion cubic meters. Judging from the quality of water resources, China's water environment has improved locally, but it is generally deteriorating.
According to environmental monitoring, the current water pollution in China is organic pollution expressed by chemical oxygen demand (COD). More than half of China's seven major river systems are polluted, and 17 of the 35 key lakes are seriously polluted. The water body in China13 is not suitable for fish, and the water body in14 is not suitable for irrigation. More than 70% of urban water bodies are seriously polluted, more than 50% of urban water sources do not meet the drinking water standards, and 40% of water sources are no longer drinkable. Water pollution has become the main obstacle to the utilization of water resources, and it is also one of the important factors threatening people's health and restricting social and economic development. According to experts' estimation, the annual loss caused by water pollution is about 40 billion yuan. Seven major water systems in China (Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Songhua River, Huaihe River, Liaohe River and Haihe River) are all polluted to varying degrees. According to the monitoring data of 1998, only 30.2% of the river reaches meet the Class I and Class II standards of the national surface water environmental quality standards, 6.7% meet the Class III standards, and 63. 1% of the river reaches are of Class IV, V or worse than Class V water quality, thus losing its water use function. Among the seven major river systems, the most polluted Liaohe River, with 6 1.4% of the reach, is inferior to the five categories of water quality; The water quality of Haihe River is polluted to varying degrees, and 53% of the water quality is inferior to Grade 5. The organic pollution degree of water quality in the main stream of Huaihe River has been reduced, but the overall water quality is still poor, and 48% of the water quality is inferior to the fifth category. The state has listed these three rivers as key prevention and control targets. Due to the decrease of precipitation and the interruption of water flow, the pollution in the Yellow River basin is obviously aggravated, and the water quality of the 7 1% reach is Grade IV, Grade V or worse than Grade V. The reach flowing through large and medium-sized cities is heavily polluted. Nearly 765,438+0% of urban river sections are Grade IV and Super Grade IV. The main pollutants come from high-concentration organic wastewater discharged by chemical, petrochemical, paper-making, food, leather-making, textile and other enterprises and a large number of untreated urban domestic sewage. As Beijingers say, the old Longxugou disappeared, and new Longxugou (Tonghui River, Lianhua River, Liangshui River ... dozens of sizes) appeared again. These rivers are usually brown, brown, gray and yellow, and there are a lot of corrupt and disgusting bubbles floating on the surface. Lakes and reservoirs are generally polluted. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen pollution are serious, organic pollution is widespread, and eutrophication is widespread and becoming more and more serious. The pollution degree of the main freshwater lakes is Chaohu Lake (West Half Lake), Dianchi Lake, Nansi Lake, Hongze Lake, Taihu Lake, Dongting Lake, Jingbo Lake, Bosten Lake, Xingkai Lake and Erhai Lake in turn. Among them, the water quality of Chaohu Lake and Dianchi Lake stinks or is seriously eutrophic. Mercury and arsenic pollution have also appeared in some lakes and reservoirs. The pollution of drinking water source is very serious. About 30% of the surface water meets the drinking water standard, and 50% of the cities with groundwater as their drinking water source are polluted to varying degrees. The main pollutants are total hardness, nitrate, sulfate, phenol, arsenic, cyanide and chromium. Water shortage in water towns in the south of the Yangtze River, 60%~70% of the total water shortage in southern cities is caused by water pollution. For example, 1996 in Bengbu City, Anhui Province, located in the lower reaches of Huaihe River, was polluted again, and local people had to dig deep wells to get water, and some even had to buy mineral water to make a living. The consequences of water pollution are serious, which not only causes losses to industrial and agricultural production, but also greatly reduces the catch of freshwater fish. The output of many rare fish species, such as Yangtze River shad and Heilongjiang salmon, decreased sharply, and some even disappeared. Fish deaths and human and animal poisoning caused by national pollution occur frequently, and the incidence of digestive cancers such as liver cancer, stomach cancer and esophageal cancer is increasing year by year ... The water pollution in China has reached the point where it must be treated.
2. Air pollution At present, China's energy structure is dominated by coal, accounting for 75% of the total primary energy consumption. The air pollution in China is mainly caused by coal burning, which belongs to soot pollution of energy structure. The main pollutants are soot and sulfur dioxide. With the increase of energy consumption, the degree of air pollution is also increasing. During the period of 1998, the total amount of sulfur dioxide emissions has reached 20.9 million tons, surpassing the United States and becoming the largest sulfur dioxide emitter in the world. At present, the average annual concentration of sulfur dioxide in 62.3% of urban ambient air exceeds the second-level standard of the National Ambient Air Quality (the basic requirement to ensure people's long-term contact with the environment without harm), and the average daily concentration exceeds the third-level standard (the minimum requirement for people's short-term contact with the environment without acute health damage). It can be seen that the pollution degree of sulfur dioxide in urban air in China is serious; It is common for the total suspended particulate matter in cities to exceed the standard. 1998, the average annual concentration of cities in China reached 289 μ g/m3, exceeding the national second-class standard. China's current industrial development level is roughly equivalent to that of developed countries in the early 1950s, but the degree of air pollution is similar to that in the late 1960s, especially during the heating period in winter. Among the 640 cities in China, the air quality is less than the national first-class standard 1%, and the top ten cities with the most serious air pollution in China (Taiyuan, Beijing, Urumqi, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Jinan, Shijiazhuang, Qingdao, Guangzhou and Shenyang) rank among the top 20 cities with the most serious air pollution in the world. In some cities, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter have reached the level of London smog events. If the weather conditions are not conducive to diffusion, a major smog event may occur.
In recent years, due to the sharp increase of urban motor vehicles, automobile exhaust pollution has become increasingly serious. Especially in some big cities, automobile exhaust has become the main air pollution, and nitrogen oxides have become the primary pollutants in the air, led by Guangzhou and Beijing, followed by Shanghai, Wuhan, Zhengzhou and Shenyang. According to the survey, during the non-heating period within the Third Ring Road in Beijing, the pollutants emitted by automobiles account for more than half of the air pollutants. The central and southern areas of Beijing, Guangzhou and China, especially the coastal cities, are all threatened by photochemical smog. Some large and medium-sized cities have mixed pollution of soot and motor vehicle exhaust.
Air pollution leads to human respiratory diseases, leading to an increase in population mortality. The mortality rate of lung cancer in heavily polluted areas of Chongqing is increasing year by year, exceeding 50 people/65,438+10,000, which is 4.7 times that in relatively clean areas. The mortality rate of lung cancer in individual blocks in Changsha is as high as 94.36/65438+ 10,000. Due to air pollution, acid rain in China is spreading, becoming the third largest acid rain area in the world after Europe and North America. In recent years, acid rain has frequently occurred in the south of the Yangtze River, the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin. The acid rain pollution in Central China is the most serious, and the frequency of acid rain in Changsha, Huaihua, Nanchang and Ganzhou is as high as 90%, reaching the level of "acid rain". The average annual pH value of acid rain is lower than 4.0, and the pH value of the central area of acid rain area centered on Nanchong, Yibin, Chongqing and Zunyi in southwest China is lower than 5.0, and the frequency of acid rain is higher than 80%. Acid rain in South China is mainly distributed in the Pearl River Delta and eastern Guangxi. Guangzhou, Shaoguan, Liuzhou, Guilin and other heavily polluted cities have an average annual pH of 4.5-5.0, and the frequency of acid rain is 60%-90%. Acid rain in the coastal areas of East China is mainly distributed from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the coastal areas of Xiamen, covering southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui, most of Zhejiang and coastal areas of Fujian. The average annual pH value of northern cities such as Qingdao, Tumen, Taiyuan and Shijiazhuang is lower than 5.6. During the period of 1998, the annual average pH value of precipitation in more than half of the cities in China was below 5.6. Acid rain almost set off a prairie fire in China, covering more than 30% of the total land area. Acid rain pollution has caused the reduction of grain, vegetables and fruits in China, and even the whole farmland has never been harvested. In the disaster-stricken areas of Guangxi, the crop yield reduction has reached (5- 10)%. The forest is on the verge of extinction, the volume of trees is drastically reduced, and even trees die in pieces. Since the 1980s, affected by acid rain, 85% of Pinus massoniana in forest areas have been damaged to varying degrees, with a mortality rate of 35%. Acid rain reduces the growth and reproduction ability of aquatic organisms such as fish, and the loss caused by acid rain to freshwater fisheries in the main fishery production base of Guangdong and Guangxi reaches 900 million yuan; Acid rain causes serious corrosion to metals and building materials. Due to the influence of acid rain, Chongqing Jialing River Bridge spends a lot of money on rust prevention and painting of the bridge every year. The annual economic losses caused by acid rain in Sichuan and Guizhou provinces are estimated to reach 370 million yuan, and the material losses caused by acid rain in Guangdong and Guangxi account for about 1.0% of the gross national product of the two provinces. According to statistics, the annual loss caused by acid rain in China is more than 654.38+0.3 billion yuan. 3. Solid waste pollution In recent years, the output, discharge and accumulated storage of industrial solid waste in China have been on the rise. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the output of industrial waste increased by 72 million tons, and the accumulated storage increased by 654.38+600 million tons. At present, the accumulated inventory has reached 6.64 billion tons (1996), covering an area of 55,000 hectares; The output of municipal solid waste reached 65.438+0.46 billion tons, with an annual growth rate of 654.38+0%. However, the utilization rate of industrial solid waste in China is only 40%, and the harmless treatment rate of urban garbage and feces is less than 50%. Most of them are simply stacked or discharged at will.
In recent years, with the development of chemical industry, toxic and harmful solid waste has also increased. Most toxic and harmful solid wastes have not undergone strict harmlessness and scientific safe disposal, which has become an urgent and potentially harmful environmental problem in China.
The output of municipal solid waste in China is 6.5438+0.3756 million tons per year. Due to the low comprehensive utilization rate and harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage, nearly two-thirds of more than 600 cities in China are surrounded by garbage. Simple garbage piled in the open air not only affects the urban landscape, but also pollutes the atmosphere, water and soil, posing a great threat to the health of urban residents. Garbage has become one of the thorny environmental problems in urban development. A large number of untreated solid wastes are piled up in the suburbs of cities or directly discharged into rivers, lakes and seas, which becomes a serious source of secondary pollution, resulting in a decline in the carrying capacity and water quality of rivers and waters. It is reported that the Yangtze River is facing serious solid waste pollution. Over the years, units and individuals along the Yangtze River have dumped construction waste and domestic waste on beaches, banks and slopes in violation of national laws and regulations. Hill-like garbage is pushed up by the river. As soon as the Yangtze River rises, mountains of garbage are swept into the water. The garbage pollution in Chongqing, Fuling, Wanzhou, Fengjie, Gezhouba and other rivers in the Yangtze River basin is shocking. During the flood, the garbage on the river surface is as thick as 1 meter, so people can stand on it and cars can't sink. Due to the water pollution caused by garbage, the drinking water of residents in 2 1 city along the Yangtze River has been seriously affected. Gezhouba Hydropower Plant will generate 2 million kWh less power every day due to the reduction of the gap caused by garbage blockage and shutdown and dredging. In the Three Gorges, because the river is full of garbage, tourists can only look up at the mountains, not down at the water, and the beauty of the Three Gorges is only half. Due to the accumulation of solid waste, the polluted cultivated land reaches more than10.50 billion mu, which directly affects agricultural production. 4. Noise pollution Noise pollution is recognized as the third public hazard in today's society. Noise pollution in China is serious, mainly concentrated in cities, including road traffic noise, living noise, industrial noise and other noises. Urban noise in China is generally at a high sound level. The environmental noise in urban functional areas generally exceeds the standard (daytime), including residential areas, cultural and educational areas (50 dB) 63%, special residential areas (45 dB) 82.2%, residential areas, commercial and industrial mixed areas (60 dB) 60.5% and industrial areas (65 dB) 30.4%. In recent years, due to the sharp increase of urban vehicles and the increase of urban road network density, traffic management has failed to keep up. Most (90%) urban road traffic noise exceeds the national standard of 70 decibels. The annual economic loss caused by road traffic noise in China is about RMB 210.60 billion. Due to the new construction and reconstruction of factories and the rapid development of industry and commerce, the scope of high-level pollution in cities is expanding, and there is a trend to expand to suburbs and towns; The noise of social life shows an obvious upward trend. According to statistics, at present, two-thirds of urban residents in China work and live in an environment with excessive noise. Noise pollution has a great influence on residents' life and health. According to the statistics of 29 environmental protection departments, about 30% of the people's letters and visits reflect the noise problem. The incidence of deafness, hypertension, heart disease and neurasthenia in some factory workers is as high as 30%~60%. According to the statistics of the Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai First Hospital, about 1/3 of patients with otopathy is caused by noise. In some areas, noise has threatened the prediction of relevant departments in Qinghai. If no measures are taken, by the end of this century, 85% of urban residents in China will be unable to work and live normally. Second, the destruction of natural ecological environment The problem of natural ecological environment destruction caused by development activities in China is very prominent. According to the investigation by the State Environmental Protection Bureau and China Academy of Sciences, the soil environmental damage in China marked by soil erosion, land desertification, soil salinization and declining farmland fertility is becoming more and more serious. The destruction of water environment, which is mainly caused by the cut-off of rivers, the shrinking of lakes, the sudden decrease of wetland area, the decline of groundwater level, the deterioration of water quality and the degradation of ecological functions, has intensified; At the same time, the destruction of biological resources such as grassland degradation, forest decline and biodiversity reduction is also very serious. In recent years, frequent floods and droughts caused by the deterioration of ecological environment have caused great losses to the national economy and people's lives. It is estimated that the annual loss will be more than 40 billion yuan. Protecting and restoring the ecological environment has become an urgent task related to China's sustainable economic and social development, national security and national survival. 1. Soil environmental damage is becoming more and more serious (1) soil erosion.
For a long time, endless predatory development that violates the laws of nature has caused serious soil erosion, such as deforestation, land reclamation on steep slopes and overgrazing. According to the investigation by the research group of "Cultivated Land Development Model" of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, at present, the area of soil erosion in China exceeds 3.67 million square kilometers, accounting for 1/3 of the land area. The cultivated land harmed by soil erosion has reached 670 million mu, accounting for 44.9% of the total cultivated land area. The country loses nearly 5 billion tons of topsoil every year, which is equivalent to scraping one centimeter of topsoil from the existing cultivated land in the country. The loss of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is nearly 654.38 billion tons, which is almost equivalent to the total output of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer produced in China every year.
Large-scale soil erosion has caused serious damage to land resources, flooding, deterioration of production and living environment and shaking the agricultural foundation. For example, the Loess Plateau has a total area of 580,000 km2, with a soil erosion area of 530,000 km2, and the annual sediment flowing into the Yellow River reaches 654.38+0.6 billion tons. The sediment concentration of this river is the highest in the world. (average sediment concentration is 30kg/m3). If these sediments are piled into an earth dam with the height and width of 1 m respectively, it can circle the earth 23.5 times. Most of these soils are fertile topsoil in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin. Due to soil erosion, the middle reaches of the Yellow River, which once gave birth to the splendid civilization of the Chinese nation, are now full of barren hills and gullies. Therefore, when visiting China and flying over the Yellow River, Dr. Barney, the editor-in-chief of the report "Earth Research in 2000 AD", said with deep feelings: "The Yellow River is not filled with sediment, but with the blood of the Chinese nation. A large number of sediments are lost, not microvascular rupture, but arterial bleeding. This is a big issue related to the life and death of the Chinese nation. " Due to a lot of quicksand, the riverbed of the Yellow River rises by 10 cm every year. In order to prevent flood disasters, the middle and lower reaches have to build dams again and again, and the annual cost for dikes is as high as 654.38 billion yuan. Due to long-term deforestation, the original vegetation has lost 85%, most forests no longer exist, and soil erosion is becoming more and more serious. The once clear Yangtze River water has become turbid. 30% of the 65.438+0.8 billion hectares of land in the Yangtze River basin, that is, 56 million hectares of land, suffers from soil erosion, and the annual loss of topsoil reaches 2.4 billion tons, of which 500 million tons are brought into the East China Sea, and the Yangtze River is in danger of becoming the second "Yellow River". Due to soil erosion, the riverbed of the main stream of the Yangtze River rises by 1 m every 10 year, and becomes a suspended river in flood season. Since the flood season of 1998, the flood flow in some sections of the Yangtze River has decreased by more than 1 10,000 cubic meters compared with that in the 1950s, but the water level is tens of centimeters or even 1~2 meters higher, which is thought-provoking. Soil erosion leads to sediment deposition in lakes and reservoirs. According to statistics, there are 22 key silt-retaining and sewage-retaining reservoirs in China. Seven large reservoirs in the main stream of the Yellow River have silted up 40% of their storage capacity, and some have silted up 75%. It is reported that the annual economic losses caused by soil erosion in China are as high as more than 30 billion. (2) Land desertification and degradation, and the cultivated land area is decreasing year by year. Land desertification is the final form of land abandonment. Natural desertification is a long-term surface change from hundreds to 1000 years, while man-made desertification is now a visible land waste in 10 years. China is a country with extremely serious desertification. The expansion of land desertification area is a prominent environmental problem in China. According to statistics, China's desert area is 654.38+30.8 million hectares, accounting for 654.38+03.6% of the national territory. The area of desert alone is equivalent to 3.4 times the total land area of Japan. Since records began,120,000 hectares of land has become a desert. In particular, there are 5 million hectares of "modern desertification land" formed in the past 50 years. During this period, from Inner Mongolia to North China alone, 6,543,800 hectares of land has become desert, and it is still expanding at the rate of 6,543,800 hectares per year, which means that two and a half Hong Kong will be buried in the sand forever. According to analysis, the causes of land desertification are as follows: 32.4% is due to excessive logging of forests; 29.4% is due to overgrazing; 23.3% is due to excessive use of land; 8.6% is due to unreasonable utilization of water resources; 5.5% is due to the movement of sand dunes; 0.8% is due to the construction of cities and industrial and mining enterprises. In addition, there are15.8 million hectares of land threatened by desertification at present. In 2 13 counties of China, the farmland damaged by desertification has spread to 6.6 million hectares. The daily life of 35 million people was attacked by sandstorms, and many farmland and houses were swallowed up by sand dunes. Nearly 400 million people live in desert areas and are affected by desertification. The economic loss caused by land desertification is as high as 54 billion yuan every year. Land degradation is prominent. Land degradation in China is mainly manifested in soil salinization and soil fertility decline. Due to unreasonable irrigation, the area of secondary salinized soil in cultivated land in China has increased rapidly, and the irrigated land abandoned due to secondary salinization reaches 200,000 ~ 300,000 hectares every year. The Yellow River, Huaihe River and Sea Plain, Northwest Loess Plateau, inland areas, northeast hilly areas and coastal areas in China have a total area of more than 33 million hectares, including 006.7 billion hectares of cultivated land. In the heavily salinized northwest inland area, the salinized area accounts for 15.2% of the cultivated land area in this area. The soil fertility in China showed an obvious downward trend. The second national soil survey shows that the average content of organic matter in cultivated land in China has dropped to 1%, of which 10.6% is below 0.6%. Obviously lower than the level of 2.5%~4% in European and American countries. In the black soil belt of Northeast China, the content of organic matter decreased from 8%~ 10% at the beginning of reclamation to 1% ~ 5% at present. In China, 59% of cultivated land is short of phosphorus, 23% of cultivated land is short of potassium, and 14% of cultivated land is short of both. 86.7% of cultivated land in China has nutritional barriers. Due to land desertification and soil degradation, the quality of cultivated land has declined, resulting in reduced crop production. China has1.300 million hectares of cultivated land, accounting for 7% of the world's cultivated land. The cultivated land per capita is less than 0.085 hectares, which is equivalent to 1/3 of the world average. The per capita arable land in more than 600 counties (districts) in the east is lower than the warning line of 0.05 hectares determined by FAO. At present, about13 of cultivated land in China is threatened by soil erosion. Due to soil erosion, land desertification, salinization, poor management of cultivated land and excessive occupation of land to build houses and factories, cultivated land is decreasing year by year. The annual net reduction of cultivated land is about 467,000 hectares, which is almost equivalent to the total cultivated land area of 354 medium-sized counties. The sharp reduction of cultivated land area has reduced the potential capacity of agricultural production, put the existing cultivated land under greater pressure, and led to a series of agricultural ecological problems such as the decline of soil fertility.
In recent years, due to the improper distribution of water resources, some rivers have been cut off, which not only seriously affects the normal production and people's lives in urban and rural areas on both sides of the strait, but also aggravates the deterioration of the ecological environment in the basin. The Yellow River has been cut off since 1972, and it has been cut off almost every year since the 1990s. Moreover, the frequency of cut-off is getting higher and higher, the duration and reach of cut-off are getting longer and longer, and the first cut-off time in the year is getting earlier and earlier. During 1997, the Yellow River (Lijin Hydrological Station) was cut off 13 times for 226 days. The intercepting reach is more than 700 kilometers away, and the first intercepting time is February 7, which is the highest in the history of the Yellow River. This situation not only aggravates the shortage of water resources in all aspects, leading to increasingly serious economic and social problems, but also significantly changes the law of river sediment erosion and deposition, making the river tend to shrink, reducing flood discharge capacity, and greatly increasing the risk of flood disasters in the Yellow River. At the same time, the interruption of the Yellow River has aggravated the ecological imbalance and environmental deterioration in the basin, such as the change of river landscape and groundwater recharge, the decrease of biodiversity, the ecological degradation of wetlands and the desertification of beaches. Some experts predict that the Yellow River may become a seasonal river or even an inland river. The mother river of the Chinese nation is facing a crisis of life and death. Many lakes and reservoirs are gradually shrinking. Hubei is known as "the province of thousands of lakes". 1949 has 1066 lakes, and now there are only 236. Dongting Lake, which has played a role in regulating the flood of the Yangtze River, was once called the "800-mile Dongting", but now it has shrunk into a tragic scene of "a large area of flood and several lines of low water". Baiyangdian, the pearl of North China Plain, has been dry for five years. The water storage capacity of five famous lakes in China (Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Hongze Lake and Chaohu Lake) is decreasing, and the lake surface is reduced by 1/4 or even half. The lack of surface water resources leads to over-exploitation of groundwater and deterioration of ecological environment. Overexploitation of groundwater is very common in big cities in northern and coastal areas, especially in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Taiyuan, Jinan, Hangzhou, Shenyang and Dalian. Due to the long-term over-exploitation of groundwater, the groundwater level in a large area continues to decline, which leads to some ecological and environmental problems such as land subsidence, ground fissures, seawater intrusion, famous springs cut off and land desertification. In the 1950s, wells in Beijing could pump water from 5 meters underground. Now the average depth of 40,000 wells in Beijing is 49 meters, and the groundwater resources are almost exhausted. In coastal areas such as Laizhou, Shandong Province, seawater intrusion caused by over-exploitation of groundwater has worsened the quality of groundwater, led to a large-scale reduction in grain production, and even made drinking water difficult for local residents. There have been many accidents in Hangzhou that collapsed several meters in an instant, causing losses to people's lives and property. Water resources are the most fundamental foundation of a good ecological environment for human beings, and it is extremely urgent to contain and reverse the trend of increasing water environment damage. 3. The destruction of biological resources is very serious. Biological resources are the most active factors in the ecological environment and have the greatest impact on the ecological environment. The destruction of biological resources in China is very serious. (1) The forest coverage rate is low, and the forest resources are seriously damaged. China is a country with less forest resources. The forest coverage rate is about 13.9%, which is far lower than the world average (25%) and ranks 12 1 in the world. Per capita, the per capita forest area is only 0. 1 15 hectares, which is equivalent to 1/9 of the per capita forest area in the world. Due to deforestation, indiscriminate logging, collective illegal logging, indiscriminate occupation and destruction of forest land resources in some places, coupled with forest fires, pests and diseases, the forest area has been greatly reduced, and forest resources, especially natural forests, which are essential for protecting the ecological environment have been seriously damaged. According to statistics, in the past 10 years, the forest in China has decreased by 23%, and the logging volume has decreased by 50%. (2) Loss of wildlife resources. Worryingly, China is one of the countries with the largest variety of animals and plants in the world, with the eighth biodiversity in the world and the first in the northern hemisphere. There are 32,800 species of higher plants in China, accounting for about104,500 species of animals and 10% of the world total. The total number of species in the world is 12%, ranking third in the world. However, at present, due to the reduction of forests, wasteland reclamation, grassland degradation, and the extensive use of pesticides and pesticides, especially man-made overfishing, fishing, mining and logging of animal and plant resources, the living environment of a large number of animals and plants has been shrinking, leading to the decline or even disappearance of populations, and the loss of biodiversity in China is serious. Among the animal and plant species, 15%~20% are threatened, which is higher than the world level of 10%~ 15%. Among the 640 species listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Wild Fauna and Flora, about 10 species have been extinct in China in recent 50 years, such as wild horse, rhinoceros, rhinoceros, Xinjiang tiger, elk and white crane. 1962, there were wild musk deer180,000 in Qinghai. At present, there are less than 20,000 musk deer hunters. At present, there are nearly 400 species of endangered vertebrates in China, accounting for 7.2% of the total vertebrates in China. More than 20 kinds of rare animals such as gibbon, deer, snow leopard, baiji, black-necked crane, giant panda, golden monkey and Siberian tiger are on the verge of extinction. After liberation, about 200 kinds of plants became extinct in China. There are as many as 4000~5000 endangered and threatened species in higher plants, accounting for about 15%~20% of the total species. The sources of many precious medicinal materials, such as wild ginseng and wild gastrodia elata, have been exhausted due to unplanned collection. The reduction of biodiversity is a great loss of the earth's resources, because once species disappear, they can never be regenerated. The disappearance of species will not only make human beings lose a natural resource, but also cause the disappearance of other species through the food chain. Humans and all animals and plants * * * are in an ecosystem, and the closeness of mutual connection makes the loss of each species bring harm to human beings.