Children's health care, children are the mother's heart, we all need to carry out certain health care for children, so that children can grow up healthily and safely. Next, I will take you to know something about infant health care.
Infant health care and nursing 1 1, reasonably arrange meals and cultivate good eating habits: children before two and a half years old have not all their deciduous teeth, and their chewing and gastrointestinal digestion functions are still weak. They also need to pay attention to the supply of various nutrients, consider the cooking of food, and can't eat like adults. It is best to eat 4-5 times a day. It is necessary to ensure that there are 400-500ml milk, 1 eggs, an appropriate amount of animal food, vegetables and fruits and a small amount of bean products every day, and the coarse and fine grains can be gradually matched. At this early stage, parents have their own requirements and habits in choosing food, so parents should pay attention to cultivating their children's good habits: eating on time, eating without feeding, not eating snacks, not picky eaters and so on. There should also be a pleasant atmosphere, and children should not be forced or threatened to eat, so as to ensure that children can eat nutritious meals normally:
2. Promote the development of children's movements and language: children's big movements and fine hand movements develop rapidly, so we should actively guide and help them to train them to walk, run, jump and climb; Cultivate children's hand activities, such as building blocks, beading, drawing, washing hands and wearing shoes. Action training can promote the development of neuropsychology. The second and third years after birth are critical periods for children's language development. It is important to teach children to speak in time. It is necessary to talk to children in combination with the things they come into contact with in their daily lives, encourage them to imitate their speech, and pay attention to the proper use of words and correct pronunciation.
3. Cultivate children's good living habits: 1 ~ 2-year-old children have increased contact with adults, expanded their activities, and curiosity and imitation actions began to appear, so at this time, they can be trained to develop good living habits under correct education, such as sleeping habits, eating habits, defecation habits, hygiene habits, etc.
4. Prevention of infectious diseases and common diseases: Although the basic immunization has been completed, some vaccines need to be strengthened. You can consider vaccinating some vaccines, such as influenza, chickenpox, mumps and rubella. In addition, common respiratory diseases, diarrhea, anemia, malnutrition and so on. Should also be stopped.
5, accident prevention: children like activities, but lack of life experience, so accidents are prone to occur, we should actively take preventive measures. The most common accidents are falls, burns, drowning, electric shock, food poisoning, pesticide and gas poisoning. So don't let children act alone, don't be close to fire sources or power sources, pay attention to food hygiene, and take good care of pesticides.
6, regular physical examination children can have a physical examination once every six months, follow-up weight, length and so on. , but also pay attention to vision test, oral hygiene and so on. Children's behavior and mental health should also be taken seriously, and intelligence and behavior tests can be done when necessary.
Infant health care and nursing 2 autumn infant health care knowledge
Calcium intake should be reasonable
It is necessary to control the amount of calcium supplementation for children. Under the guidance of a doctor, the baby can be properly supplemented with calcium to promote the development of bones and teeth. In general, the daily calcium intake of a 5-month-old baby should be 300mg, that of a 6-month-old baby to 1 year-old is 600mg, and that of a 4 4- 10/year-old baby should be 800mg. Never blindly supplement calcium. You know, if there is too much calcium in your body, it will cause calcium deposition and affect your baby's health.
Supplementing calcium through food supplement
Under normal circumstances, parents can supplement calcium for their children through complementary foods, such as shrimp, bean products and bones. For babies, fish, shrimp, kelp, seaweed and so on. You should eat more, and these foods are more easily absorbed by the body. Parents can match them when cooking, but it should be noted that when cooking these ingredients, it is not advisable to add foods rich in phosphate, oxalic acid and protein, otherwise it will affect children's absorption of calcium.
Vitamin d is indispensable.
In addition to paying attention to calcium supplementation in diet, many parents will also buy calcium supplementation for their children. Indeed, the way to supplement calcium is convenient and efficient, and it can also make up for the lack of calcium intake in food. However, parents are advised to do more screening when choosing calcium supplement products for their children and choose products that are more suitable for their children.
In addition, the effect of calcium supplementation is closely related to vitamin D, which can effectively promote children's absorption of calcium, so calcium agent containing vitamin D is more suitable for growing children. For example, calcium xiaotianjia chewable tablets are rich in high concentration of calcium and appropriate amount of vitamin D3, which can fully meet children's daily demand for calcium; The taste of chocolate is more acceptable to children; In addition, minerals such as iron, copper and zinc are specially added, and various trace elements are added to make children strong and have a more comprehensive and balanced nutrition.
Infant health care and nursing 3 common sense of infant health care
The benefits of breastfeeding to children's health care
1. Breastfeeding can reduce infant mortality. Domestic and foreign data show that the infant mortality rate of different feeding methods is different, and breastfeeding is obviously lower than other feeding methods.
2. Reduce the prevalence of infants. For example, infants who are completely breastfed rarely have diarrhea, because the content and proportion of nutrients in human milk are suitable for the digestive function of infants, and it also contains a variety of immune factors and will not be polluted.
3, reduce the risk of malnutrition, human milk is the most suitable food for infants' nutritional needs and digestive ability, and it can make infants suffer from less infectious diseases, so it can ensure the normal growth of infants.
4. Enhance the emotional communication between mother and baby, and make the baby feel safe, which is conducive to the baby's emotional development.
5, others, breastfeeding as soon as possible can promote meconium discharge, reduce bilirubin intestinal and hepatic circulation, and help to reduce the degree of neonatal jaundice. Data show that breastfeeding can also reduce the possibility of breast cancer and ovarian tumor in lactating mothers.
Auxiliary food additive for children's health care
1. complementary food: food rich in energy and various nutrients added for the transition to adult solid food except breast milk or formula milk.
Second, the purpose of addition: to prepare for the complete weaning of breast milk.
1, breast milk nutrition after 6 months postpartum can no longer meet the baby's growth, such as iron nutrition.
2, the baby's digestive function gradually matures.
3. Promote the chewing, swallowing and taste development of infants.
3. Add time: It depends on the maturity of the digestive tract and the needs of the baby's growth. Generally, babies should gradually add other foods when they are 4-6 months old. Premature addition will easily increase the chances of food allergy and intestinal infection, while delayed addition will make the baby miss the sensitive period of chewing, swallowing function and taste development (April-June), and it will be difficult for him to eat other adult foods in the future, resulting in insufficient nutritional intake and malnutrition.
Fourth, the selection principle of adding food
The choice of complementary food for the first time should be a complementary food that is easy for infants to absorb, not easy to produce allergies and can supplement a certain amount of iron nutrition. The first choice is fortified iron rice flour, followed by roots, tubers, vegetables and fruits that are not easy to produce allergies, such as bananas and apples. Animal food should be postponed to 6 months to reduce the chance of food allergy.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) adding method
1, using a spoon: it is beneficial to the development of chewing and swallowing functions.
2. One-to-many: Get used to one kind of food first, then introduce another kind of food, suspend the use of other complementary foods when introducing new foods, and observe the baby's reaction to the introduced food. The more food introduced, the better the baby's taste development.
3, from small to large: first one to two spoonfuls a day, until the baby will swallow and not vomit, and then gradually increase the amount after getting used to the taste. It can replace 1 ~ 2 times of breast milk or formula milk after 7 ~ 8 months.
4. From fine to coarse, from thin to thick: semi-liquid food of 4-6 months old, small solid food after 7-9 months old.
6. Use of cups and bottles: After 7 months, the baby should be trained to drink milk and water with cups, which is beneficial to oral and mental health. Babies should be completely separated from the bottle after one year old.
Seven, eat by yourself: 8 ~ 12 months old, let the baby learn to grasp food, which is conducive to the development of eye-hand coordination, independence and self-confidence.
Growth monitoring of child health care
The weight of individual children is measured regularly and continuously, and the measured values are recorded in the growth chart, and the changing trend of the weight curve in the growth chart is observed and analyzed, so as to find the slow growth phenomenon at an early stage, analyze the reasons in time, and take corresponding intervention measures to promote the all-round growth of children.
1. Measure the weight of a single child regularly, continuously and accurately: newborns should measure their birth weight at birth, five times at one year old (1, 3, 5, 8, 12 months), 1 ~ 2 years old (1.
Second, trace the child's weight curve in the growth chart: after measuring the child's weight every time, find out the child's current month age of weight measurement on the abscissa of the growth chart, find out the weight measurement value on the ordinate, draw a point in the blank space above the month age that intersects with the weight value, and then draw a line to connect this point with the point drawn earlier.
Third, evaluate the changing trend of children's weight curve in the growth chart and analyze the reasons for the change of the curve.
Four, according to the form and reason of monitoring the change of children's weight curve, guide parents to take corresponding intervention measures.
Regular health examination is a very important part of children's health care, and the following purposes can be achieved through examination:
1. Understand the physical and neuropsychiatric development, feeding, nursing, nurturing and environment, and try to eliminate all factors that are not conducive to children's growth and development.
2, check whether there are any nutritional diseases and other abnormal situations, and correct them.
3, understand and supervise the immunization program, planned immunization.
4. Publicize and guide parents to excellent education and excellent education.
Therefore, regular health examination is of great significance for protecting children's health, preventing diseases and monitoring children's growth, development and nutritional status. : Generally, newborns should be examined every 24 hours, 3 days, 7 days, 15 days and 28 days after birth, every 3 months for one year, every 6 months for 1 ~ 3 years old, and every year for 3 ~ 7 years old. The examination contents include consultation, physical measurement, physical examination, laboratory examination, etc.
Implementation of Children Health Care Immunization Program
Only by strictly following the immunization procedure can we give full play to the immune effect of the vaccine, make the vaccinated people reach and maintain a high level of immunity, effectively control the epidemic of corresponding infectious diseases and reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions to vaccination. The immunization program for children formulated by the Ministry of Health in China is: immunization age: product name: birth: BCG (initial seed).
1, 5-2 years old: DTP mixed preparation (booster): 4 years old: mixed polio vaccine (after taking it): 7 years old: BCG (multiple cropping): live attenuated measles vaccine (multiple cropping): diphtheria and tetanus toxoid: 12 years old: BCG (multiple cropping).
2. Month: mixed polio vaccine (first injection): 3 months: mixed polio vaccine (repeated injection): DTP mixed preparation (first injection).
April: Mixed vaccine of poliomyelitis type III (repeated service): DTP mixed preparation (second injection)
5. Month: DTP mixed preparation (third injection): 8 months: live attenuated measles vaccine (initial seed)
In addition to the four vaccines planned for immunization, according to the local epidemic situation, the following vaccination can also be implemented:
1,: Japanese encephalitis vaccine: the first vaccination age was 1 year, and * * * 2 injections were given at the interval of 7- 10 days, and 1 injection was given at the age of 2 and 3 respectively.
2. Epidemic encephalomyelitis vaccine: Children over 6 months old are vaccinated with 1 0-1month-old vaccine every year, and subcutaneous injection of1needle is the basic immunization, and the second year is the booster immunization.
3. Hepatitis B vaccine: (1). Newborns of HBsAg and HBeAg positive mothers should be vaccinated within 6 hours after birth and 1 month old 1 respectively.
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin was injected, and hepatitis B vaccine was inoculated at the age of 2, 3 and 6 months. (2) For HBsAg-negative mothers, newborns were vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine according to 0,/kloc-0,/and 6 schemes. (3) Infants and preschool children are generally vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine. Those under 2 years old who have not been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine can be exempted from inspection. Screening for HBsAg, anti -HBs and anti -HBc is required for people over 2 years old. If all three items are negative (including those with low anti -HBs titer), they should be regarded as susceptible, and hepatitis B vaccine should be inoculated according to 0,/kloc-0, and 6 schemes.
Prevention of vitamin D deficiency rickets in children's health care
Referred to as rickets, it is a common systemic disease in children. Due to the deficiency of vitamin D in the body, it causes imbalance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and changes of bones, and affects the functions of neuromuscular, hematopoietic, immune and other tissues and organs. Once symptoms appear, the body's resistance drops, and it is easy to be complicated with pneumonia, diarrhea and other diseases. : Comprehensive preventive measures:
1, health publicity and education: popularize scientific parenting and rickets prevention knowledge.
2. Systematic management: systematic health care management for pregnant women, newborns and infants.
3. Scientific feeding: advocate breastfeeding and reasonably add complementary food.
4, use the sun to often take children to outdoor activities, sunbathe more, and get vitamin D.
5. Strengthen nursing: guide parents and health care, vaccinate regularly, and actively prevent and treat chronic diseases such as upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea and anemia.
Drug prevention
1. Fetal period: Pregnant women and fetuses need more and more vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus. Pregnant women should often go outdoors, get more sunshine and eat some nutritious food. Patients with hypocalcemia should be actively treated. Those who lack sunshine, have poor appetite and are weak and sick should be supplemented with vitamin D and calcium in winter during the second trimester. In the seventh month of pregnancy, vitamin D should be taken orally 400 ~ 800 IU a day, or 50,000 IU a month, or supplemented with calcium 15 ~ 20 IU only once.
2, infancy: 2 weeks after birth, children should prevent vitamin D. (1), daily method: oral vitamin D 400 ~ 800 IU every day until one year old. (2) Monthly method: take 50,000 units of vitamin orally once a month or by stages until one year old. (3) quarterly method: take vitamin d1.5 ~ 200,000 IU orally once every quarter until one year old.
3. Early childhood: After one year old, children can get more sunshine in summer and autumn, and take vitamin D in winter. Generally, vitamin D15 ~ 200,000 IU is given once in winter, and vitamin D15 ~ 200,000 IU can be given once every 2 ~ 3 months in high-incidence areas.
Prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in children's health care
Iron deficiency anemia in children is a common disease in childhood, which is due to insufficient iron intake in food and insufficient iron storage in the body, leading to iron deficiency in the body, resulting in reduced hemoglobin production and anemia. Children with iron deficiency have low reaction, inattention, poor memory, irritability and mental retardation. , and also related to infection. Preventive measures are as follows:
1. Fetal period: Pregnant women should supplement enough iron in their diet, especially in the last trimester of pregnancy, to increase the iron storage in the fetus. Pregnant women must absorb 1 ~ 3 mg of iron every day, and 20 ~ 48 mg of iron should be added to their food every day. Encourage eating more foods rich in iron, such as fish, meat, liver, blood and other animal foods, and eat more fruits or take vitamins after meals.
2. Infantile period: Breast-feeding is strongly advocated. Full-term infants should be supplemented with iron at the latest from 4 months, with a daily dose of 1mg/kg, and premature infants and low birth weight infants should be supplemented with iron at the latest from 2 months, with a daily dose of 2mg/kg. You can give iron fortified food, or you can give iron directly. Iron supplementation should last until the end of 1, preferably until the age of 2. The daily total iron in infancy should not exceed 15mg.
3. Dietary arrangements for young children and older children: Try to choose foods with high iron content and high absorption rate, ensure enough animal food and bean products, and eat more fresh vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin C, which can promote the absorption of iron.
4. Prevent infectious diseases and parasitic diseases and reduce the extra consumption of iron. 5. Have a health check-up on time. Check hemoglobin as required.