Since 1980s, China has made great achievements in education. One of the most important things is that educational theorists and educators have gradually realized the importance of students' mental health education, and have carried out relevant theoretical research and practical exploration. Class counseling is a paradigm created by school counselors in China in recent years, which has played an important role in promoting mental health education in primary and secondary schools in China at this stage. This paper analyzes several problems of psychological counseling in primary and secondary schools, and puts forward my own opinions. It is intended to attract jade, and I hope that the Fang family will correct me.
Generally speaking, psychological counseling in primary and secondary schools should mainly follow the following principles:
(1) activity principle. Activity is an important feature that distinguishes it from other courses. Class psychological counseling advocates the creation of problem situations, group discussions, role-playing, small surveys, quizzes and other forms of counseling; The activity methods of class psychological counseling should conform to the psychological characteristics of students' age, with various forms and be loved; The design of class psychological counseling activities requires reflecting goals and focusing on themes; In the process of organizing and guiding students' activities, the teaching time is obviously less than other subjects, but the requirements for teaching quality are higher: fully stimulate students' enthusiasm for participation before the activities; Students should be inspired to think independently in activities; At the end of the activity, make a summary or help students summarize themselves.
(2) Systematic principle. Class psychological counseling course is an intervention activity based on modern psychological theory. Its purpose is not only to impart mental health knowledge, but to make students mentally healthy. Therefore, when designing counseling activities, teachers should first pay attention to how to express profound psychological theories through simple activities so that students can understand and do what they want to do. At the same time, with a scientific attitude, according to the law of students' psychological development, set up the activity plan systematically and step by step.
For example, from the perspective of human development, adolescence is a critical period to accumulate knowledge, cultivate ability, learn interpersonal skills and form personality, and it is also a special period to show its independence and obvious resistance consciousness. At this time, although China has many old sayings that can be used to educate them, such as? If you don't work hard, the boss will be sad? Such things may not make them really realize the significance of adolescence to a person's life and understand the profound meaning of short life. Therefore, we might as well quantify people's life in teaching design. Through intuitive quantification, let students experience fleeting adolescence and understand the importance of grasping the critical period of life.
(3) the principle of openness. Class psychological counseling should let students open their hearts and express their true feelings. Only in this way can counseling be targeted and effective. This requires that the class psychological counseling class must be open. In other words, in operation, the organizational form and mode of the whole process should be open, and the language communication between teachers and students must be open. When clarifying unnecessary values, teachers should be good at using delayed evaluation and fuzzy evaluation to give students the opportunity to express their true feelings. At the same time, it is necessary to properly prevent students from over-exposing themselves, protect students' privacy and avoid psychological harm to others.
(4) the principle of encouragement. Class psychological counseling should encourage students to actively participate, open their hearts and dare to expose their views. No matter whether the students' views are correct or not, teachers should not give any evaluation to the students' views.
(5) The principle of participation. The goal of class psychological counseling is that all participants actively change their psychology and behavior, which requires counselors to ask counselors to give every student equal opportunities to participate in activities. We should not ignore those introverted and shy students, but encourage them to actively express their feelings and opinions or play an appropriate role in practice; For those students who are particularly active in expressing themselves, we should not interrupt them stiffly, but make it clear to them that everyone's activities are successful and encourage them to provide opportunities for others to express themselves. In fact, letting different students learn to actively and equally participate in the activities of the course is itself the training of their interpersonal skills.
(6) Experience principle. According to the characteristics of students' physical and mental development and psychological needs, various methods are used to set up problem situations related to students' development, which are helpful to solve problems, stimulate students' interest and motivation in learning, stimulate students' desire to explore, mobilize students' non-intellectual factors, and improve students' self-education ability through environmental experience and event experience.
Teachers can use language, teaching AIDS, seat forms, teaching methods and other carriers to achieve the purpose of setting up teaching situations. For example, letting students write with their left hand can experience frustration; Let the students draw a circle with their left hand and a square with their right hand, and realize the importance of concentrating on learning and doing things; Let several boys each lift a heavy classmate with only two fingers, and realize that the collective strength is immeasurable.
(7) the principle of flexibility. In order to make the boring theory acceptable, teachers should pay attention to the richness and interest of activities, the flexibility and diversity of forms, and let students feel the fun of self-education in a pleasant atmosphere. Teachers should flexibly grasp the activity degree of classroom activities and adjust the content of activities according to the actual class situation and emergencies. For example, after a sports competition, when students are upset that their class has not got the ideal ranking, they can carry out frustration education in time; When facing the examination of subject courses, guide the learning methods in time and so on.
(8) Safety principle. In order to let students express their experiences, puzzles, troubles and experiences without scruple, class psychological counseling must create a safe psychological environment to ensure that every student is fully respected and understood in the collective, and is free from such scruples and possibilities as satire, ridicule, sarcasm and contempt. Teachers are required to communicate with students on an equal footing and make friends with students. Teachers and students are not superiors and subordinates, but equal friends. This is the key to a good psychology class. Therefore, in the course, teachers must respect students' words and deeds and personality, and teachers should pay attention to creating a safe psychological atmosphere before, during and after activities.
(9) principles of life. Although class psychological counseling is also a planned educational activity, it attaches great importance to the student-centered position, and it cannot achieve its goal without the compulsory indoctrination of students' real life. First of all, the overall arrangement of the curriculum, while maintaining a certain system, should emphasize flexible adjustment according to the actual situation of students (even if the original curriculum plan is changed). For example, if students encounter a traffic accident in this class, they should arrange the course content about emotional counseling as soon as possible and introduce the discussion on how to protect themselves in safety. Secondly, in the lecture materials, we should combine the examples of students' life as much as possible. Starting with people and things that students are familiar with can best stimulate interest; It is easiest for students to understand by discussing their own practical experiences. Therefore, it is very important for counselors to observe and contact the actual situation of students (especially after class and at home). Finally, in the course, we should pay attention to leaving enough time for students to express their actual experiences and opinions. At this time, the counselor's role is not just a preacher, but a listener and interlocutor.
(10) The principle of full staff. Full participation is one of the most important principles in the process of class psychological activities. To truly realize classroom activities, we should not only face all students, but also respect their individual differences, and make special preparations consciously, so that students can give full play to their talents and fully reflect everyone's dominant position in the activities. Establish students' correct self-awareness and good self-evaluation mechanism, so as to enhance self-confidence and cultivate students' self-esteem. The collective is everyone's collective. Without the participation of all employees, there is no collective integrity. In order to make the whole class realize that he is indispensable and irreplaceable in the group, we can design such a game activity. Is to write the names of the whole class at the back of the puzzle, and everyone Qi Xin will work together to make a complete image. Then, draw a picture at random and call out the students' names, so that students can realize that the lack of someone will make the group incomplete and regret.
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