First, the content of mental health education
We believe that the content of school mental health education can be divided into three levels:
The first level: the maintenance of students' mental health. This is an educational content for all students to improve their basic quality.
(1) Intelligence training helps students to establish a scientific understanding of the essence of intelligence. According to different components of intelligence, young students can understand people's psychological world mainly through the analysis of various phenomena, and master some basic psychological principles, such as what is observation, what is memory, why they are distracted in class, and how to use their brains.
(2) Learning psychological guidance, that is, helping students to establish a scientific understanding of the nature of learning activities and cultivate good learning interests, direct and indirect interests, short-term and long-term interests, extensive interests and central interests, fun, interest, fun, etc. Reasonable choice of learning methods, such as autonomous learning, SQ3R learning; Correctly treat learning problems, such as the intensity and motivation of learning, the success or failure of learning, and how to deal with learning competition and learning anxiety.
(3) Emotional education means teaching students to grasp and express their emotions, learn to effectively control, regulate and reasonably vent their negative emotions, observe and understand others' emotions, and carry out relevant skills training, such as sensitivity training, self-expression training and relaxation training.
(4) Interpersonal relationship guidance, that is, around the three interpersonal relationships of parent-child, teacher-student, and peer, to guide students to correctly understand the nature of various relationships and learn skills and principles to deal with various problems in interpersonal communication, including conflict resolution, cooperation and competition, learning to refuse, respect and support; ⑤ The cultivation of sound personality refers to the healthy personality qualities that individuals should have when facing the pressure of social survival, such as independence, enterprising spirit and frustration tolerance.
(5) Self-psychological training guidance, that is, through training and teaching, help students to know themselves scientifically and always accept themselves well in their own development and changes, such as accepting their own advantages and disadvantages, cultivating self-confidence and establishing a good self-image; ⑦ Sexual psychological education, that is, the teaching and analysis of sexual physiology and psychological knowledge, helps students to establish correct gender concepts and gender identity, and guides students to understand and master the knowledge and skills of communication with the opposite sex, such as the guidance of heterosexual classmates' communication and psychological adjustment of puppy love.
The second level: the correction of students' psychological and behavioral problems. This is the educational content of psychological counseling and behavior correction training for a few students with psychological and behavioral problems, and most of them belong to the category of correction. Specifically, it includes: (1) learning adaptation, which mainly refers to the psychological and behavioral problems surrounding learning activities, such as exam anxiety, learning difficulties, inattention, school phobia, weariness of learning, etc. (2) Emotional problems mainly refer to negative emotional problems that affect students' normal life, study and healthy growth, such as depression, fear, anxiety, tension and anxiety. (3) Common behavior problems mainly refer to students' bad behavior characteristics in life and study, such as hyperactivity, lying, fighting, timidity, etc. (4) Physical and mental diseases mainly refer to physical symptoms and reactions caused by psychological distress, such as neurasthenia, insomnia, paranoia, neurotic obsessive-compulsive disorder and hysteria. (5) Sexual behavior problems mainly refer to all kinds of sexual abnormal behaviors caused by sexual psychological barriers, and the proportion of such problems among primary school students is very small.
This level is to help students know what is a healthy person, physical health and mental health, and what is the standard of mental health; Common psychological obstacles of primary school students and their elimination: how to maintain healthy psychology, good mood, moderate intellectual activity, correct self-concept, open mind and harmonious interpersonal relationship; Mental health training, psychological counseling and psychotherapy.
The third level: the development of students' psychological potential and creativity. Psychological research shows that primary and secondary schools are the best time to develop psychological potential. Therefore, the development of psychological potential and the cultivation of creativity are also important contents of mental health education in schools. It mainly includes the training and cultivation of students' judgment, reasoning, logical thinking, intuitive thinking, divergent thinking and creative thinking. At the same time, it also includes the cultivation of students' self-motivation ability, so as to improve students' independent consciousness and initiative.
They are mutual conditions, mutual penetration and represent different target levels. Only by comprehensively grasping the relationship between them can we give full play to their overall functions.
Second, mental health education should follow the principles
1, all the principles. Because the value orientation of modern psychological counseling has changed from correction to prevention and development, counseling should be oriented to all students, not limited to some students seeking guidance. Only in this way can psychological counseling really play its role. At the same time, pay attention to students' individual differences and personality characteristics. Regardless of a student's academic performance and behavior, teachers have the responsibility to help them grow up healthily.
2. Respect the principle of students. The basic belief of education and consultation is that everyone has his value and dignity, and everyone is equal and free. Education and counseling are actually the process of communication between the two sides, and respect is the basis of realizing this communication and the best channel for emotional communication between teachers and students. Therefore, the counseling process should accept all students unconditionally and treat them equally. In other words, we believe that every student has value and potential, respect their cultural background, living habits and unique personality and behavior, and even take a tolerant attitude towards students' shortcomings. Only when both sides are equal in personality and psychologically compatible can students open themselves up and realize self-esteem, self-love, self-improvement and self-confidence. Only students have problems, no problems, students. On the contrary, not only can the actual effect of counseling not be achieved, but it is likely to bring all kinds of adverse effects to students' psychological development.
3. The principle of development. Life is a continuous whole and psychological counseling should run through the whole process of education. Psychological counseling should first pay attention to students' psychological development, help students learn to accept, adapt and communicate, and give them all-round psychological support. Secondly, it should help students face difficulties in life and growing crises.
4. The principle of cooperative attitude. The purpose of psychological education and counseling is mainly to help others and help themselves. Therefore, instead of solving problems for students with a "know-it-all" attitude, teachers help them learn from others and promote them to internalize their life skills, so as to exert their potential and move towards self-realization. Consultants must never use coercion or coercion to force clients to submit. The effect of consultation is based on the expression of the parties' internal motivation and willingness to change, not on external coercion or threat.
5. Principles of activities. According to the requirements of practicality and application, when determining the content of school mental health education, we should highlight the characteristics of activity orientation, infiltrate the content of mental health education into flexible and interesting activities, give full play to the advantages of psychological education activities, and pay attention to the educational role of the activity process. In the content of school mental health education, various colorful activities and games are creatively designed, such as role-playing, painting, imagination, debate, speech and performance, so that students can grow and develop through activities, participation and personal experience.
Third, carry out mental health education with effective methods and means.
Generally speaking, a set of methods of mental health education is: "psychological education should be comprehensive, psychological consultation should be timely, and psychological investigation and psychological training should be supplemented." The specific approach is:
1, offering psychological counseling courses. The purpose is to let students learn relevant knowledge systematically and get systematic and scientific training through special psychological counseling classes. There are many modes of psychological counseling in primary and secondary schools, which can be an active teaching mode, that is, teachers briefly finish what they want to talk about psychological knowledge in a short time, and most of the rest time is spent organizing students to activities in various simulated situations, with students as the main body, so that students can experience and learn to help themselves in activities; It can also be a lecture-based teaching mode, that is, teacher-led, so that students can directly obtain the necessary psychological knowledge and have a scientific understanding of their own psychology. From the point of view of effectiveness, psychological counseling classes should be mainly in the form of role-playing, situational experience, discussion and analysis, conversation, behavior training, psychological presentation and other activities.
2. Carry out special psychological counseling. The purpose is to solve students' sexual problems through special counseling. At the same time, students with mental illness should contact the medical and health departments in time. There are two forms, one is group psychological counseling. By creating group situations and carrying out activities, we can prevent the common troubles caused by various problems in the individual development stage. The content focuses on key events that may be faced in the process of personal growth. The second is group psychological counseling. Generally, the number of group members is 5- 10, so the time and content of group activities should not be uniformly stipulated, and the actual needs and effects of students should prevail. Specifically, it includes the selection of the team leader, the specific combination of the players and the establishment of the theme of the activity. The main content is learning to help others and self-knowledge.
3. Conduct school psychological counseling. Instructors use the professional knowledge and corresponding technology of psychology, medicine and other disciplines to analyze, suggest and coach students' psychological status quo or problems. School psychological counseling follows the educational model, not the medical model, and treats visiting students as normal people, not patients.
Forms of psychological counseling: School psychological counseling is mainly divided into two forms. One is individual counseling, that is, one-on-one psychological counseling is provided to students through students' door-to-door, hotline and "intimate sister email". The second is group consultation. That is, through lectures, symposiums, television, radio, blackboard newspapers, books and periodicals (including students' own handwritten newspapers), students can collectively answer and publicize questions of universal significance.
There are two problems to be paid attention to when carrying out psychological counseling: First, the school psychological counseling room is not responsible for treating psychological diseases. (such as depression, neurosis, schizophrenia, etc. ). After the initial diagnosis, it should be recommended to a psychological hospital or a professional hospital for treatment. Secondly, psychological counseling should have a complete record, and the consulting teacher should make up the consulting record immediately after each consultation. The more detailed, the better for the follow-up consultation.
4. Infiltrate into various educational and teaching activities. There are rich psychological education factors in various educational and teaching activities, and these factors should be fully tapped and utilized to organically infiltrate psychological consultation into various educational and teaching activities. By organizing lively and healthy activities such as science and technology, sports, health and art, and various visits, inspections, psychological training and public welfare work, students' good psychological quality can be cultivated.
5, the establishment of schools, families and social counseling network. While attaching importance to the construction of campus culture, schools should pay attention to establishing contact with families and communities, and gradually form a psychological counseling network with the cooperation of schools, families and society. From the inside of the school, we should not only have a fresh, clean and beautiful material environment, but also create a psychological environment of respect, understanding and trust, so that students can develop positive emotions in a subtle way, enhance their adaptability and frustration tolerance, and improve their mental health. Family is an important environment for students to grow up. Schools should establish regular contact with parents through home visits, parent-teacher conferences, parents' reception days, parents' schools and other forms to help parents raise their awareness and strive for good cooperation between parents and school psychological counseling. We should make full use of social resources such as medical care and community to carry out multi-channel and multi-form psychological counseling.
In short, all-round mental health education needs our teachers and parents to sneak into the night with the wind and moisten things quietly. It is an important link to implement the spirit of "quality education" and should be highly valued by all walks of life. The above points are just my understanding and exploration in my work, and I will continue to try and learn in my future work.