After girls enter puberty, the ovaries begin to develop and secrete estrogen at the same time.
Physiological function of estrogen
The physiological functions of estrogen mainly include:
Promote the development and maturity of reproductive organs such as uterus, fallopian tube, vagina and vulva, and keep them in a normal state.
Promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development, pelvic width and subcutaneous fat accumulation. , thus forming a unique plump posture of women.
Together with progesterone, it acts on the endometrium, causing periodic changes in the endometrium and producing menstruation.
Promote vaginal epithelial hyperplasia, keratinization and increase glycogen content, maintain acidic environment in vagina, improve vaginal resistance, and help prevent bacterial infection.
Make the cervix loose, increase and dilute the secretion of cervical mucus, which is conducive to the passage of sperm, so it is helpful for pregnancy.
It has retention effect on water and sodium salt, and some people have unexplained edema, which may be related to estrogen.
The main physiological functions of estrogen are as follows:
(1) promotes endometrial development, thickens muscles, increases blood supply, enhances uterine contractility, and increases the sensitivity of uterine smooth muscle to oxytocin.
(2) Hyperplastic endometrium.
(3) The cervix is loose, the secretion of cervical mucus is increased, the qualitative change becomes thinner, and it is easy to be drawn into filaments.
(4) Promote the development of fallopian tubes and strengthen the amplitude of rhythmic contraction of fallopian tubes.
(5) Proliferation and keratinization of vaginal epithelial cells make labia plump.
(6) Mammary duct hyperplasia, nipple and areola coloration.
(7) Promote the development of other secondary sexual characteristics.
(8) Estrogen is necessary for the development of follicles, and it plays a certain role from primordial follicles to mature follicles, helping the ovaries to accumulate cholesterol.
(9) Control the secretion of pituitary gonadotropin through the positive feedback regulation of hypothalamus.
(10) has a certain effect on metabolism and promotes sodium and water retention. In fat metabolism, total cholesterol tends to decrease, β-lipoprotein decreases and the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid decreases, which is beneficial to prevent coronary atherosclerosis. (1 1) can promote the deposition of calcium in epiphysis, and the bone can be closed under the influence of estrogen in adolescence. Osteoporosis occurs after menopause due to estrogen deficiency.
Related references:
Wang Zhongmin, Deputy Chief Physician, Estrogen and Menopause in Xuzhou Gulou Maternal and Child Health Hospital
Estrogen is no stranger to women. The great role of estrogen is irreplaceable by any hormone, because it plays an important role in women's sexual life and it is difficult to leave. It is very precious and sacred when diseases lead to estrogen deficiency, when the secretion of estrogen by ovaries decreases for some reason, and when women need estrogen when they enter menopause. Of course, this is not only to maintain women's sexual characteristics, nor is it just for the bodybuilding of the elderly, but for the basic health of women, for the safety and longevity of the elderly, and for the delicious and sloppy life in old age.
A large number of clinical data confirm that menopause needs estrogen more, of course, because of the increase of age, estrogen is decreasing day by day, which can not meet its own needs more and more. In fact, the reason why women enter menopause is because of insufficient estrogen secretion. It can also be said that if estrogen is secreted normally as in youth, it may delay the arrival of aging, and even if it enters old age, it will not usher in a very annoying menopause caused by decreased estrogen secretion. From this perspective, estrogen plays a role in determining the "fate" of women in their later years. Therefore, estrogen replacement therapy has become a fashionable treatment for many diseases and a hot topic for patients and medical scientists.
Clinically, menopausal women's diseases suddenly increase, and there are various diseases, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, orthopedic diseases, mental and nervous system diseases, etc ... Almost all subjects are involved, far from being limited to menopausal syndrome, such as hot flashes, sweating, irritability, loss of libido, insomnia, forgetfulness, mental disorders and other trivial diseases. It seems that estrogen is the life hormone, health hormone and bodybuilding hormone of women. The importance of estrogen may not be felt when it is not lacking, but once it is reduced or lacking, even healthy women will be affected.
Since female menopause estrogen is insufficient, why not take supplements confidently like other diseases? In fact, there was a precedent of supplementing estrogen as early as 50 years ago in the world, and China has a history of more than ten years. Needless to say, the benefits of estrogen supplementation are achieved by most medical experts. The reason why it is not widely used in clinic is that people are afraid of the side effects of estrogen and worry that estrogen will bring undue trouble to users, which is the key point that people have not fully understood. It is true that improper use of estrogen will bring a lot of trouble and even harm to women, which is an undeniable fact. So this view has been maintained for a long time. Even when taking estrogen, people often think of its side effects first. What's more, many elderly women who urgently need estrogen supplements are afraid to ask. In fact, this is very inappropriate, because when elderly women enter menopause, there will be a series of uncomfortable symptoms, causing some pain and suffering, which is caused by the reduction of their own estrogen. It is reported that Peking Union Medical College Hospital conducted a symptom survey on 5,000 menopausal women, and almost half of them had different degrees of clinical symptoms. Many of these symptoms, if properly treated with estrogen, will be quickly, effectively and completely eliminated. Not only that, it will also benefit many systems such as heart, endocrine, nerve and bone, and effectively prevent the occurrence or development of related diseases. For menopausal women, especially when there are obvious symptoms of estrogen deficiency, there must be no undue distrust and fear of estrogen supplementation because of choking. It is indeed dangerous to supplement estrogen, but it is safe to use it under the guidance of a doctor according to your own needs, so don't worry. As long as it is used properly, the benefits of estrogen are far greater than those of people who do not take estrogen. What's more, there are many ways to use estrogen at present, and the therapeutic effect is safe and reliable. Oral administration, injection, suppository, external application and other methods are available. You can completely supplement estrogen in different ways, and you can completely maintain the "youthful charm" and "youthful vitality" that you should not leave early.
When menopausal women have or do not have menopausal symptoms, we should consider preparing to use estrogen and how to use estrogen, because this is the only way for most elderly women, the road to health and the road to chic. It is completely believed that as long as we insist on scientific, appropriate and accurate use of estrogen, it will certainly bring good news to users, reduce the side effects to a minimum, and make women get rid of the trouble of estrogen deficiency and get out of the dangerous situation brought about by it. It is worth pointing out that some traditional Chinese medicines such as tonifying kidney can also be used to make up for the deficiency of female estrogen secretion, such as Herba Epimedii, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Fructus Lycii, Polygoni Multiflori Radix, cornu Cervi Degelatinatum, Radix Rehmanniae, Zaolian, Mulberry, Placenta Hominis, Fructus Corni, and Rhizoma Curculiginis, all of which have good effects of supplementing estrogen. Clinically, according to the specific pulse condition of patients, the treatment with traditional Chinese medicine can get good results. Supplementing estrogen with traditional Chinese medicine generally has no side effects and is very safe. For the sake of individuals, families and society, when women are short of estrogen in menopause, they should scientifically and reasonably consider supplementing estrogen that the body urgently needs under the guidance of doctors.
Estrogen and cardiovascular Wang Zhongmin
Estrogen is a kind of female sex hormone, which not only plays an important role in regulating the female reproductive system, but also affects many organs and tissues of the whole body. Among them, estrogen has an important influence on the cardiovascular system. This discovery is of positive significance for how to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases in women.
Among women of childbearing age aged 20-40, the researchers chose a menstrual cycle of 25-35 days, a menstrual cycle of 3-7 days, moderate menstrual flow, abnormal heart, liver and kidney function, and no estrogen drugs or drugs affecting cardiovascular function in the past three months. As the observation object of clinical research, the results show that the function of cardiovascular system is closely related to the amount of estrogen in women, which also provides reference for postmenopausal women to suffer from cardiovascular diseases. Studies have confirmed that estrogen plays an important role in regulating the peripheral vascular system. Some scholars injected estrogen into non-pregnant animals to dilate the blood vessels in myometrium and endometrium and increase blood flow. At the same time, it can dilate the blood vessels of genitalia, breast, skin and adrenal gland, reduce blood flow resistance and increase blood supply. This shows that estrogen can dilate blood vessels, thus indirectly lowering blood pressure and reducing heart load.
During the growing period, the estrogen in women changes periodically, sometimes with little secretion. When estrogen is secreted for a long time, peripheral blood vessels dilate most obviously, blood circulation is the best, and heart function is the best, which is related to the physiological needs of female pregnancy and fetal development. Estrogen has a positive effect on the left ventricle, which provides blood for the whole body. Through the continuous observation of women's heart function in menstrual cycle, medical scientists found that with the periodic changes of estrogen in the body, heart function also changed correspondingly, and it showed a synchronous trend with the changes of estrogen. Estrogen increases, heart function is obviously strengthened, blood circulation is in a good state, and the possibility of heart disease is reduced. Estrogen can increase the blood flow velocity in the heart, enhance the myocardial contraction function, and has a positive therapeutic effect on reducing blood viscosity, eliminating embolism and reducing blood lipid. This effect of estrogen makes the incidence of heart disease in women of childbearing age significantly lower than that in menopausal women.
Since estrogen is good for the heart, can it be used to prevent and treat heart disease? Although the answer is yes, we must know the true face of estrogen. There is a certain proportion of estrogen in women, which is mutually restricted with other hormones such as progesterone and androgen. Too much or too little will cause problems to the human body. When the proportion of estrogen is low, such as premature ovarian failure and other diseases, it is beneficial to supplement estrogen in moderation; However, when the proportion of estrogen is not low, there is no need for special supplementation, because estrogen has side effects, which are quite serious and even increase the possibility of users suffering from endometrial cancer. Estrogen is effective in treating heart disease caused by estrogen deficiency, but it must be used under the guidance of a doctor and treated according to specific conditions. Patients can't make their own decisions.
Estrogen can improve memory.
Previous studies have found that estrogen in postmenopausal women drops sharply. Estrogen therapy can prevent coronary heart disease, treat osteoporosis and reduce the risk of colon cancer. It is also believed that estrogen has a positive effect on some psychological functions and can modify the connection of the central nervous system, which may reduce the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease even among the elderly aged 70~80.
In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MR 1) was used to measure brain activity. In 46 postmenopausal women, estrogen can increase brain activity related to memory and stimulate the brain to form the types of neural connections seen by young people. Although there is no quantitative evidence of memory improvement, the author thinks that estrogen can improve the activity of related brain regions, which means that it is accompanied by the improvement of memory function, which indicates that estrogen can change the neural circuit of mature individuals's memory.
Some experts think that the results of this study are significant, but estrogen replacement therapy also increases the risk of endometrial cancer and breast cancer. So it can't be regarded as a panacea. It seems that its good effect and potential side effects need further study.
Estrogen quietly affects your life (65438+ 13:54 February 6)
Menstrual syndrome
More than half of women have mild emotional disorders, irritability and fatigue a few days before menstruation begins. And 3-7% of women will have more serious PMS. Researchers still don't know the cause of menstrual syndrome, but its symptoms show the fluctuation of estrogen and progesterone (hormones that cause endometrial thickening before menstruation) in women. For mild PMS, you can do some aerobic exercise, such as walking or yoga, and add low-salt and low-caffeine food, which can relieve physical discomfort and improve your mood. In addition, because contraceptives can inhibit ovulation and smooth the ups and downs of hormone levels in the body, they will also help some women with menstrual syndrome.
post-natal depression
Four fifths of women will have postpartum depression, accompanied by mild crying and anxiety, which will generally be relieved within 10 days after delivery. However, 10-20% of women will have clinical depression, which will make them unable to take care of themselves and their babies. This phenomenon will last for weeks or months, and it will often recur because of pregnancy again. This is due to the sharp drop in estrogen levels after delivery. If the situation is serious, the doctor will advise the mother to take antidepressants.
climacteric syndrome
In the years before menopause, women's body will go through a period of hormonal ups and downs, accompanied by sharp and irregular changes in estrogen levels. However, most women will not feel strange about 6 years before menopause, and some people will feel serious fatigue, irritability, depression or mood swings.
In order to alleviate this symptom, doctors generally advise patients to do some muscle stretching and aerobic exercise to reduce the physiological and psychological impact of menopause. For those patients with severe emotional symptoms, estrogen replacement therapy can relieve depression, tension and fatigue, and also has certain curative effect on some physiological symptoms, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. Unfortunately, however, estrogen replacement therapy may increase the risk of uterine cancer in women.
Another hormone replacement therapy is to mix progesterone with estrogen. Although the risk of this therapy will be much lower in causing patients to get uterine cancer, correspondingly, the efficacy of this mixed drug in relieving symptoms is worse than that of estrogen alone. Moreover, recent research also shows that progesterone will increase the risk of breast cancer in women.
Postmenopausal memory deficit
After menopause, women's brain cells will degenerate much faster than men of the same age. In the end, 30% of women over 85 will suffer from some kind of dementia, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease. During menopause, the ovaries will stop secreting estrogen and other sex hormones. However, estrogen can protect brain cells in various forms, activate the part of the brain used to store information, protect brain cells from loss, stimulate nerve growth and increase blood flow in the brain. At least 15 studies show that estrogen replacement therapy can reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease in women by half. In many experiments, the short-term memory of postmenopausal women receiving estrogen replacement therapy has also improved, for example, they can temporarily remember a phone number.
Estrogen therapy
Estrogen is a sex hormone secreted by the ovary. At present, it is a fully synthetic nonsteroidal agent-diethylstilbestrol, which has estrogenic effect. There is also a partially synthetic estrogen-ethinylestradiol, also known as ethinylestradiol, which is currently used in contraceptives. At present, it is often used to treat infertility in clinic. Its usage is to take 0.5 ~ 1 mg every night for 20 ~ 22 days from the fifth day of menstrual cycle. When women's nest function is low and estrogen secretion is insufficient, it is often used as alternative treatment. In addition, due to the positive feedback, B * phenol can promote gonadotropin to peak and ovulate. Therefore, B * phenol can be applied to women with secondary sexual characteristics such as breast dysplasia, small breasts, low estrogen secretion level, sexual dysfunction, uterine dysplasia, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. And dysfunctional uterine bleeding. When the amount of bleeding is too large, you can also use ethylphenol to stop bleeding. Its usage is: Ethanol is taken orally 1 ~ 2mg every 8 hours. When the amount of bleeding reaches half, reduce the dose and adopt the method of gradual decrease. Finally, oral administration of 1mg, daily 1 time, as a maintenance dose, and the amount of bleeding was given after taking the medicine. Male sexual function is strong, and prostate lesions can easily cause sexual impulses, which can be used to fight androgen. Its usage is to take 1 mg every day for 20 days. The side effects of B * phenol are nausea and vomiting, so taking vitamin B6 properly can make the symptoms disappear. When the dose of B * phenol increases, it can also cause headache, amenorrhea, breakthrough vaginal bleeding and weight gain, so the dose should be small in clinical application. If you have thrombosis, hepatitis, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc. B * phenol should be avoided.
How to use gonadotropin releasing hormone to induce ovulation?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is also called luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. There are two preparations: ① Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), powder, 50mg each, for intramuscular or intravenous injection, and dissolved in normal saline. ② The gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-α) has stronger effect than GnRH. The preparation is powder, which is injected 5 ~ 10 mg into muscle or vein, and dissolved in normal saline when used.
GnRH is mainly used for pituitary stimulation test, hypothalamic amenorrhea and hypothalamic infertility. GnRH-α can be used for endometriosis and hysteromyoma.
Since 1980s, low-dose GnRH pulse administration has achieved good results in clinical ovulation induction. The frequency of administration is 90 ~ 120 minutes, 1 time, and it can be injected intravenously or subcutaneously. The dosage of pulse administration depends on the degree of pituitary dysfunction, which is generally between 2 ~ 20μ g. Some scholars suggest intravenous injection of GnRH every 90 ~ 10~20μg, while others report that it is necessary to continuously inject 10~20μg for about 2 weeks. When the basal body temperature rises,
The application of pulsed low-dose GnRH has a good ovulation induction effect. Literature reports that ovulation rate can reach 70% ~ 96%, and pregnancy rate is 50% ~ 90%. Compared with HMG-HCG combined therapy, ovulation induced by pulsed GnRH has the advantage of less ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Is the incidence of multiple pregnancy higher than HMG? HCG combined therapy is low.