(1) Emotion is a subjective experience that occurs within an individual. When emotions occur, they are always accompanied by some external manifestations (emotions).
(2) There is no good or bad mood, only negative and positive.
(3) Emotion can keep individuals away from danger and attract social resources.
2. What is the importance of the development of children's early emotional health?
The development of children's early emotional health is very important for personal mental health, academic and lifelong success (houseman).
3. Children's emotional world is a colorful world, which has experienced a long development process from crying and laughing to the emergence of various high-level social emotions. What are the characteristics of children's emotional development?
(1) From the expression form of emotion, it is from explicit to implicit;
In the cartoon "Crying", children will cry when things happen, but the emotional expression of parents' injuries is implicit. Maybe we won't cry so much when we grow up.
(2) From the perspective of emotional control ability, from impulse to self-control;
When you meet something, you will naturally feel emotional when you are young. Through the growth of age and education, you can gradually restrain your emotions.
(3) From the perspective of emotional stimulation, from direct to indirect, from concrete to abstract;
Friends' emotions will be "infected" and the accumulation of emotions will be transformed into "stimulation", especially in adolescence, when children's emotions fluctuate greatly, and many abstract stimuli are caused by the accumulation of small emotions.
(4) From the content of emotional expression, from physiological needs to social needs.
There is also a spiritual need from the physical aspects such as eating and drinking Lazarus.
4. What are the characteristics of healthy emotions?
(1) correctly understand the emotions of yourself and others;
(2) when, where and who); Properly express emotions;
(3) Effectively regulate emotions.
5. According to the dimension of "situation", how can the development of emotional understanding be divided into several categories?
(1) The development of emotional understanding without situational information;
-Based on visual cues (facial expression recognition);
-Based on auditory cues (sound rhythm).
(2) Situational information promotes the development of emotional understanding;
-Physical conditions (people and things);
-interpersonal relationships (people).
6. What is the importance of facial expression recognition in emotional development?
(1) Facial expression was the main medium for children to communicate with adults at first.
(2) In the book Emotional Expression of Man and Animals, Darwin believes that different facial expressions are innate, inherent and understood by all mankind.
(3) There are differences in the difficulty of distinguishing expression photos of different emotions, and happiness and pain are the easiest to distinguish; What is more difficult is fear and sadness; The hardest thing is doubt and pity.
7. What are the rules for babies to recognize and imitate other people's facial expressions?
(1) Stage 1: no facial perception (0-2 months);
(2) The second stage: facial perception without emotional understanding (2-5 months);
(3) The third stage: emotional response to expressing meaning (5-7 months);
(4) The fourth stage: use the expression code (7- 10 month) in the reference of causality.
8. Many researches have been done on facial expression recognition at home and abroad, and what conclusions have been drawn?
(1) Children can recognize facial expressions around 2 years old, but the development trend of different facial expression recognition is different.
(2) Children's ability to recognize and name expressions is better than that of negative emotions. Happiness is the first recognized expression. Among negative emotions, fear is the most difficult expression to recognize, even for adults.
(3)3-5-year-old children's expression naming ability increases with age, and the expression naming development of 4-year-old children (including executive function development) is the key age. Children's naming of positive expressions is significantly better than that of negative expressions.
(4) There are differences in the difficulty of distinguishing expression photos of different emotions, and happiness and pain are the easiest to distinguish; What is more difficult is fear and sadness; The most difficult thing to identify is doubt and pity.
(5) Children aged 4-6 have negative bias in recognizing neutral facial expressions.
(6) The correct rate of facial expression recognition for children aged 6-7 is 72%.
(7) Neutral expression (calm) is between positive and negative emotions, but children will think it is negative emotions, so educators should smile at children to make facial expressions positive.
9. Sound rhythm refers to the way the speaker speaks, including intonation, speech speed, stress and sound quality, which is an important clue to understand the speaker's intention and emotional state (Banziger, Grand Jean &; Scherer, 2009) There are many researches on speech emotion recognition at home and abroad, and what conclusions have been drawn?
(1) The most recognizable sound rhythms are sadness and fear, while the most difficult ones are ridicule and disgust;
(2) The emotional perception ability of 3-5-year-old children based on sound prosodic clues increases with age, which is mainly manifested in anger, fear and neutral emotions.
(3) When prosodic cues conflict with semantic cues, preschool children rely more on prosodic cues to judge the speaker's emotional state. For example, happy things are expressed in sad voices, and the emotional signals received by children are sad or unhappy in tone. If we want our children to hear what we say, we should strengthen the rhythm of our voices less.
(4) Children are more sensitive to the emotions expressed by female voices. In early childhood, women in the family spend more time with their children, and their treble is different from that of men.
10. The main research contents of emotional understanding with situational information: the ability to choose opinions, emotional understanding based on wishes and beliefs, and emotional understanding of conflicts.
1 1. What is "the ability to choose opinions"?
(1) Viewpoint selection is an important viewpoint in children's developmental psychology, and it is the ability to distinguish between oneself and others' viewpoints, and then make an accurate judgment on others' viewpoints (or perspectives) according to current or previous relevant information.
(2) Essential meaning is the core ability of human cognition. Children understand others' thoughts and feelings from others' perspective, that is, put themselves in others' shoes.
Piaget's Mountain Task Piaget's classic Three Mountains experiment shows that children before the age of 7 are only self-centered. Underestimated children, in fact, at the age of 4-5, they have developed other people's perspectives.
(3) Classification of the ability to adopt opinions (ESI EN Berg &; Fabs, 1998)
-sensibility, the ability to adopt other people's perceptual views;
-Emotion, the ability to understand the emotional state of others;
-Cognition, the ability to understand the cognition of others.
(4) cases of emotional viewpoint selection
Story 1: Xiao Qiang's father bought him a big cake.
Story 2: Xiao Qiang is ill, and the nurse aunt wants to give him an injection.
Memory control problem:
Choose others: Is Xiao Qiang happy now, or is he sad, afraid and angry?
Choose yourself: If you are Xiao Qiang, are you happy or sad, afraid and angry?
Experimental results: Children don't talk about their emotions, but show their bravery. Who is this, attribution bias? He thinks that he is not afraid under the above circumstances, and he is very brave.
(5) In the book "Crocodiles are afraid, dentists are afraid", both crocodiles and dentists say "I'm so scared". Does it mean the same thing? Because of different positions, the meaning of expression is also different.
1 1. Emotional understanding based on wishes and beliefs
(1) The ability of theory of mind is a kind of ability in itself, which is my ability to understand myself and others' emotions.
(2) Preschool children's psychological ability theory emphasizes the concepts of emotion, intention, desire and belief, and these abilities are closely related, especially emotion, intention and desire.
(3) Theoretical theory is a kind of construction, and the ability of self and others to develop their theory of mind is developed at the same time, while the simulation theory holds that others' theory of mind develops first, and it is a simulation from others to themselves.
(4) The development law of school-age children's theory of mind: School-age children's theory of mind is a leap from copying the theory of mind (one kind of information can only produce one kind of emotion/psychology) to explaining the theory of mind (the same information, different people produce different emotions/psychology), and then to understanding false beliefs (the ability to understand other people's emotional changes).
(5) False belief task (unexpected place) refers to examining the development of children's theory of mind through their cognition of others' beliefs.
-Designed and proposed by -Velman and Pune in 1983. Experimental procedure: the subjects were presented with two dolls, one named Sally (with a basket next to it) and the other named Anna (with a box next to it). Sally put a ball in the basket, then covered the basket with a cloth and left. After Sally left, Anna took the ball out of the basket and put it in the box next to her. After a while, Sally came back, when God asked the child, "Where will Sally find the ball?" Research shows that children can't realize that others will have wrong beliefs before they are 4 years old.
There is another experiment: Xiaoming is playing ball in the yard, and his mother asks him to go home for dinner. Xiaoming put the ball under the tree for dinner, and his mother took it away and put it in a box. After dinner, Xiao Ming came back to look for the ball. Then ask the children:
Because of other people's emotional problems, Xiao Ming thought of coming back to play away games. Is he happy or unhappy? (Happy, 1 min);
In the past, if you were Xiao Ming and wanted to come back and play ball on the road, would you be happy or unhappy? (Happy, 1 min);
Follow up other people's emotional problems. Is Xiao Ming happy or unhappy when he comes back to find the ball? (Unhappy, score 1)
Follow-up self-emotional problems, if you are Xiao Ming, are you happy or unhappy to come back to find the ball? (Unhappy, score 1)
This experiment is to understand children's emotional changes towards others.
-False belief task (unexpected content): There is a piece of candy paper wrapped in chalk, which looks like a piece of candy. Ask the children, what are the emotions of other children before opening them? What's the mood after opening it? How did you feel before you opened it yourself? What's the mood after opening it?
-"Love You Forever and Forever" The mother of the mother dragon hatched a Tyrannosaurus Rex, which will eat the mother dragon when it grows up. Ask the child: What is the mood of the mother dragon at this time?
-An example of detecting and understanding gaffes (Stone Et Al, 2003): On Xiaoya's birthday, Xiao Li gave her a crystal apple. Xiaoya received many presents that day, but she couldn't remember who sent the crystal apples. Xiao Li accidentally broke the crystal apple when he went to Xiaoya's house to play. Xiaoya said, it doesn't matter. I don't like this crystal apple at all anyway. Someone gave it to me on my birthday. What Xiaoya said will hurt Xiaoli deeply. At this time, ask the child: How does Xiaoli feel when she hears it? Why did Xiaoya say that? This experiment teaches children to understand the different emotional states, different intention states and beliefs of speakers and listeners.