1. What is DNA?
DNA is the abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid, which is distributed in every cell of human body. It is the chemical carrier of human genetic information and the main component of genes.
2. What is a chromosome?
Chromosomes are two highly spiral DNA strands in cells. It is the main carrier of genetic information and exists in the nucleus.
3. What is a gene?
Genes are specific nucleotide sequences with genetic effects on DNA molecules, which guide the synthesis of important substances such as protein in human body and maintain normal physiological functions of human body. If a gene is abnormal, even a very small fragment of the gene is abnormal, it may lead to abnormal development, disease and even death. It can transmit genetic information to the next generation through replication, so that the next generation will show similar traits to their parents. Human genes determine the birth and death of people.
4. What is the disease susceptibility gene?
The results of modern medical research show that most diseases are the result of a variety of environmental factors and genetic constitution, so we call those genes related to the occurrence of diseases susceptible genes.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) What is genetic testing?
Genetic testing means that we can decipher the genetic code carried by the human body by means of molecular biology, so as to predict the probability of an individual suffering from certain diseases in the future. Simply put, the so-called genetic testing is to take a drop of blood, oral mucosa or other tissue cells of the subject, extract and amplify their genetic information, and then detect the genetic information such as DNA molecules in the cells of the subject through special equipment, and analyze the situation of various susceptible genes contained in him, so that people can know their genetic information in time, predict the risk of disease, improve their living environment and habits, and live clearly.
6. What is a genetic mutation?
Changes in genetic structure within genes usually lead to some phenotypic changes. Mutation in a broad sense includes chromosome aberration, and mutation in a narrow sense refers to site mutation.
7. What is the principle of personalized detection?
After the drug enters the human body, it needs to be metabolized by liver enzymes and excreted by the kidney. If the activity of metabolic enzymes in the body is reduced or inactivated, drugs can not be metabolized and excreted in time, and will accumulate in the liver, causing liver injury or hepatotoxicity and causing a series of complications.
8. What is the process of drug metabolism?
Drug metabolic reactions can be roughly divided into oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and combination. Most drugs enter the human body by oral administration and are excreted by the kidneys after enzyme metabolism.
What are normal metabolism, slow metabolism, intermediate metabolism and abnormal metabolism?
EM rapid metabolism: indicates normal metabolic ability. That is to say, the drug can be basically decomposed normally in the body and cleared in time, and there is no obvious side effect under the conventional dosage, so the drug is relatively safe.
Slow metabolism of PM: due to the decrease of enzyme activity, the human body's ability to remove drugs is reduced, so that drug toxins accumulate in the body, causing drug-induced hepatitis and other related diseases.
IM intermediate metabolism: the human body's metabolic ability of drugs is between slow metabolism and fast metabolism. In order to achieve the best therapeutic effect, it is necessary to reduce the average dose.
Metabolic abnormality: higher than normal metabolism (fast metabolism) or between fast metabolism, slow metabolism and intermediate metabolism.
X. What is a gene chip and what is sequencing? And its advantages and disadvantages?
The principle of gene chip is base pairing. The sample is hybridized with one or more labeled nucleic acid probes with known sequences, and the sample sequence is determined by detecting the hybridization results. The advantage is that a large number of samples can be analyzed at one time, and the disadvantage is that false positives are easy to occur. The principle of gene sequencing is dideoxy chain termination method. The advantages of measuring a DNA sequence with an instrument are high accuracy and no false positive, but the flux is slightly lower.
What is the relationship between genes and diseases?
Disease = internal cause+external cause, in which internal cause refers to individual genetic differences, and external cause, that is, living environment and living habits, also plays a great role in causing disease.
What are the benefits of genetic testing?
(1) can prevent the occurrence of diseases.
② Make a scientific and healthy nutrition management plan.
③ It can guide the rational supplement of personalized medication and health care products.
It can help us to establish a scientific lifestyle.
Thirteen. When is a good time to do the test, and in which physiological period?
In principle, the sooner the better, because the sooner you know the risk probability of the disease, the sooner you can take preventive measures and be in a favorable position in prevention.
14. How to find susceptibility genes?
Susceptible genes are associated with a large number of human diseases identified by sequencing analysis. The key to finding out susceptibility genes is to find out the data of susceptibility genes suitable for China people, and the Institute of Genetics of Chinese Academy of Sciences has accumulated decades of experience in this field.
15. Can the test results of genes be used as the basis and standard of diseases?
At present, the results of genetic testing are only health consultation services. Through the prediction of risks, people can develop good living habits and delay the occurrence of diseases.
Sixteen years old. How to understand the high risk and low risk in genetic testing results?
The high-risk group only means that you belong to the susceptible group of the disease. Under the intervention of external harmful factors (such as radiation, harmful chemicals, dust and bad living habits), it is easier to cause the disease than the normal population, but this does not mean that you will definitely suffer from the disease.
Low-risk people mean that you are less likely to get these diseases than people with the same living environment and eating habits.
Reasonable adjustment of lifestyle, strengthening exercise and active prevention, developing good living habits and eating habits, and avoiding harmful factors can avoid the occurrence of related diseases.
The benefits of genetic testing can predict diseases, prepare you, strengthen your awareness of health care and disease prevention, choose your own life and control your own health.
17. What advantages do we have over other genetic testing institutions?
At present, there are also companies in China doing the same genetic testing, but the methods are not the same. At present, there are two kinds of such technologies: one is sequencing and the other is chip. At present, sequencing is the gold standard of molecular biology with high accuracy. Our technology is based on sequencing technology, combined with Qualcomm chip. We rely on the scientific research strength of Institute of Genetics and Development of Chinese Academy of Sciences to study genes and diseases. Is the authority of the domestic industry, with decades of research experience, the data we use are the standards of China people, and the results are accurate.
18. Can diseases with family genetic history be found out?
As long as there is genetic data of the related population of this genetic disease, it can be detected.
19. Can you know what kind of talent your child has through genetic testing?
Genetic testing can not only predict diseases, but also make relevant suggestions. For example, testing your child's endurance quality can show whether your child is suitable for long-term physical exercise. If so, genetic testing will tell you in advance that your child has the potential to make greater achievements in this field.
After the drug test, should I listen to the doctor or trust your test report?
After drug testing, if it is found that the metabolic enzyme corresponding to the drug you take is abnormal in the body, the doctor will adjust the drug or dose accordingly as appropriate.
2 1. Can you keep the test results secret?
The company has strict confidentiality measures to protect the privacy of customers. Each candidate will have a bar code number, and the experimenter will only test the contents of the bar code number. The professional will prepare the test report according to the test results and deliver it directly to the customer after sealing.
22. Can the drug test tell me what health products to take?
We won't actively recommend a certain brand of health care products to you, but we may tell you which health care products to supplement, and you can choose independently.
23. We already know what drugs we are allergic to. Why do we have to take a drug test?
Intolerance to drugs is not only reflected in "allergy". After taking a variety of drugs, metabolic abnormalities will occur in the body, which will affect organs such as the liver (such as the accumulation of toxic and side effects of drugs). This effect may not be immediately apparent. Through drug testing, we can know which side effects of certain drugs will accumulate in the body, so as to avoid permanent damage.
24. Is genetic testing only done once in a lifetime?
Generally, the genes of somatic cells can only be detected once in a lifetime, because most of the genes carried are inherited from parents, if some small variations are fixed. So no matter when and where, these genes are immutable. However, some genetic tests are not aimed at their own genomes. People have many opportunities to be infected with foreign viruses in their life, so we should constantly monitor the role and infection degree of these viruses in the human body. For example, ignoring hepatitis virus may lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer; We should also detect and treat human papillomavirus, otherwise it will induce cervical cancer and even breast cancer. Some people will carry all kinds of viruses when they are not sick, and some people will be infected and become communicators as soon as they get a card. Some people will produce antibodies when injected with vaccines, while others will have natural antibodies, but they are resistant to vaccines. These are the genes of microorganisms born with human beings, and it is more necessary to detect these genes if conditions permit. We can only judge who is a time bomb and who is safe from people's physique.
25. How accurate is the test? What is the scientific basis?
There is no need to worry about the accuracy of detection. If the specific value, it should be more than 99%. Because the result of our genetic test is 1 and 2 is 2, there is no different statement. Just like ABO blood group test, A, B, O and AB must be one of them. The analysis of the test results is somewhat different. The more indicators you have, the more obvious their functions and accumulation, and the more helpful they are for disease prediction. The prediction accuracy of single-gene diseases such as phenylketonuria and thalassemia is 100%, and the prediction of multi-gene diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease is calculated by the comorbidity probability of multiple genes. For example, the probability of 30-50% is risky, and more than 50% is extremely risky.
Twenty-six. How to identify the test results, and is there any qualification examination and approval by the relevant authorities?
The test results must be judged by professionals, calculated and scored by computers, and then provided to the subjects. This process is completed by the relevant departments of Chinese Academy of Sciences, which have been engaged in human genetics research for a long time, and the research level is in line with international standards.
27. Is it necessary to do genetic testing without a family history of genetic diseases?
If economic conditions permit, it is necessary for people without a family history of genetic diseases to do this test. The reason is that even if a person's family has no probands such as diabetes, hypertension and heart disease in the past, it can only show that there may be a better living environment and lifestyle in the past. In today's society, the change of environmental pressure and labor intensity makes people lose the opportunity of physical consumption; At the same time, under the influence of a lot of environmental pollution and antibiotics, the living conditions of human beings are deteriorating, which may lead to the deviation of human biological performance.
Twenty-eight Is it necessary for people who are already ill to do genetic testing?
People who have been ill need to know whether their illness is related to heredity or purely environmental problems. This is an important reminder and reference for your family and future generations. Through the detection of patients, we can know the types of diseases and decide whether the diseases can be cured or need further treatment.
The test report can be understood by ordinary people, and we provide professional answers. The test report will provide health knowledge and health guidance services in a detailed, systematic and targeted manner.