Social life and nature have their own laws. How to make all human activities to transform nature and strive for social progress adapt to the changes in nature caused by such activities? The construction of large-scale water conservancy projects and the protection of ecological balance have become one of the outstanding manifestations reflecting this natural dialectical problem in real life. For a long time, people have always praised and criticized the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. Some people always treat it with the psychological stereotype that the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects will inevitably destroy the ecological balance, which is bound to be a bad thing. Based on this, this paper talks about the relationship between the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects and ecological balance.
1 The water conservancy project will break the original ecological balance.
So far, there are only two kinds of water conservancy projects built by human beings on the earth, namely, water storage reservoirs and inter-basin water transfer projects. Their essence is to solve the problem of uneven distribution of water resources in time and space.
At present, Pakistan's West-to-East Gas Transmission Project (formerly known as Indus River Basin Planning) is the largest water transfer project in the world, that is, water is transferred from three rivers in the west (Satrich River, Bis River and Ravi River) to three rivers in the east; The former Soviet Union has completed 15 inter-basin water transfer project; In the middle of last century, China put forward the grand plan of transferring water from South to North. The completion of a large number of water diversion projects into Qin and Luanhe into Tianjin has played an important role in solving the water shortage problem in Qinwangchuan, Gansu and Tianjin. In China, the water storage reservoir has the greatest ecological impact. On the surface, they are all aimed at solving the shortage of water resources or making full use of water resources, but if we study deeply, we find that the potential impact on society and environment is huge and complicated. In short, its effects include direct or indirect, short-term or long-term, induced or accumulated, once or twice, and so on. All these influences will upset the original ecological balance.
In China, the impact of water conservancy projects on ecological balance and environment began to receive attention in the late 1950s. For this reason, the State Council stipulates that environmental protection must be considered when planning large (medium) water conservancy projects in the future. At this point, the vast number of water conservancy workers in China have an unprecedented awareness-while promoting profitability, we must fully consider the negative impact of each scheme on society after it is put into operation on a large scale.
1. 1
(1) The inter-basin water transfer project will solve the disaster problem that the "water transfer area" is vulnerable to floods and save the regional ecological crisis. For example, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in the former Soviet Union can not only use water for industry and agriculture, but also alleviate the deterioration of the ecological environment caused by the drop of water level in the Caspian Sea. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China will well alleviate the deterioration of the ecological environment caused by floods in the south and droughts in the north.
(2) Large water storage reservoirs (such as Xiaolangdi Project of the Yellow River in China) can not only prevent sand and waterlogging, but also increase the air humidity in the reservoir area and improve the growth of surrounding green vegetation. For example, deserts in Central Asia and Kazakhstan in the former Soviet Union, some areas have become lush oases due to a large amount of water transfer.
(3) Optimize water quality and reduce water pollution and sediment deposition in downstream rivers. The reoxygenation process will be sufficient whether the water body is transported for a long distance or stored for a long time or a short time, thus enriching the potential environmental capacity resources of the water body. Sewage or turbid water can be purified by water body to obtain qualified water, such as Longyangxia, Lijiaxia, Liujiaxia and Yanguoxia super-large water storage and power generation projects built in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in China. The turbid Yellow River water is purified every time it passes through a hub.
1.2 negative impact
(1) induced earthquake. Due to the accumulation of a large number of water bodies, the geostress in the reservoir area will change, creating conditions for inducing earthquakes.
(2) Due to the leakage on both sides of the water conveyance channel, the groundwater level rises, resulting in secondary salinization and swamping of a large area of soil. High slope areas can also cause landslides or mudslides due to excessive soil water content.
(3) It also has a negative impact on the ecology of the water diversion area. For example, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in the former Soviet Union reduced the amount of fresh water and heat that originally flowed into the Kara Sea, destroyed large forests in Siberia, increased wind speed, reduced spring rain and suddenly increased autumn rain, which seriously affected the agricultural ecological environment.
(4) Breaking the living environment of organisms (especially rare animals) in the original water system will seriously lead to extinction, or break the original ecological balance system, which will destroy the food chain and may cause disasters such as plague. For example, the apes in the Three Gorges reservoir area, according to experts' prediction, a considerable number of apes will be displaced after the completion of the Three Gorges Dam, and there will be no more "apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, but the canoe has passed Chung Shan Man".
(5) Other adverse effects on biology, hydrology and water temperature. Large-scale water conservancy projects have changed the original hydrological conditions, affected the quality and temperature of groundwater, caused the migration and concentration of residents, accelerated urban expansion, and led to the reduction of available arable land.
However, it should be noted that the natural balance, including ecological balance, is inherently dynamic. It is by constantly breaking the balance that is not conducive to the healthy development of mankind that we can develop to this day.
The newspaper said that 2.5 million years ago, Shaanxi and Gansu in China, like Hunan and Jiangxi today, were all lush forests, with elephants strolling leisurely, voles wandering around, lynxes and antelopes wandering around. This beautiful scenery disappeared with the disappearance of the ancient Mediterranean. However, there is a kind of tree-Quercus alpina, which still grows below 3000m above sea level on the southern slope of the Himalayas. However, archaeologists found the Quercus alpina fossil 2.5 million years ago at 5900m above sea level on the Xixiabangma Peak, 300km west of Mount Everest, which shows that Quercus alpina has lived here for at least 2.5m years. During these 2.5 million years, the natural conditions of the Himalayas have changed greatly from one or two kilometers from Shangsheng Gao to more than 8,000 meters above sea level, from suitable climate to snow all year round. In this series of changes, it is hard to imagine that Quercus acutissima can survive today if nature itself cannot establish a dynamic balance. Another example is the sand control in Yulin, Shaanxi. If there is no weak balance between microorganisms and water in the original sand layer, it is difficult for trees with strong vitality to survive after planting.
The ecological balance of nature is dynamic and exists at any time. The problem is how to distinguish the ecological balance that is not conducive to human survival and development in an optimal way, break it and rebuild a new balance more consciously, that is, artificial ecological balance. 2. Water conservancy project construction should pay attention to protecting ecological balance.
Based on the above viewpoint, protecting ecological balance should be the sum of two aspects: first, try to limit the negative influence of human beings on those benign ecological balances and make them develop according to their own internal laws; The other is to carry out human transformation activities on those vicious ecological balances, to curb their continued development momentum and make them develop healthily.
The recent World Conference on Environment and Development clearly stated that economic development should be coordinated with environmental protection, otherwise human beings will be punished by nature. However, although the convention produced by the conference is very good, the vast number of third world countries, especially developing countries, are facing more serious financial difficulties in economic construction, because they have to consider the financial problems necessary for environmental protection when planning construction projects. As a result, the opinions of developed countries and other countries (especially underdeveloped countries) are opposite.
Gongzui Power Station, located in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, was built during the Cultural Revolution. Due to the soil method and schedule, soil erosion is very serious, and the sediment deposition in the reservoir has already exceeded the design standard. In the downstream Tongjiezi Hydropower Station, environmental protection is considered in the planning, which has solved the problem of sediment deposition in the reservoir area, and the reservoir area is surrounded by green.
The Three Gorges Water Conservancy Project is the largest water conservancy project in Asia, but it has experienced twists and turns. From Dr. Sun Yat-sen's proposal to the adoption of the Eighth National People's Congress for more than half a century, in addition to the constraints of political and economic conditions, one of the main reasons is that the environmental protection function of the reservoir area is too great. China's development immigration policy will greatly improve the negative impact of the Three Gorges Dam construction on the ecological balance.
Under the understanding of protecting ecological balance, reasonable development planning is a necessary means to coordinate the development of construction and environmental protection. However, human beings still have a long way to go to truly achieve this knowledge. Because environmental protection has never been a simple problem, it has the characteristics of direct and indirect, short-term and long-term, induction and accumulation, and linkage. For a long time, the one-sided concept of quick success and instant benefit at the expense of others and self-interest has led people to exploit natural resources in a predatory manner, destroy natural resources without restraint, and only care about their own development and construction without considering the victims of others. For example, in several countries in the former Soviet Union and even the Middle East, it is not uncommon for one country to build water conservancy projects and plunder water diversion, resulting in the decrease of fresh water in other countries and serious ecological damage. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously carry out environmental education on a global scale and bring the planning work into the legal track.
2. Ecological protection should be an important part of the planning, design and construction of water conservancy projects.
Before and after the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects, it is not enough to just know or even pay attention to the protection of ecological balance. What is important is to put it into concrete actions, that is, to put the idea of environmental protection into every link of project planning, design and construction organization and management. Engels clearly pointed out in Dialectics of Nature: "We must always remember that we rule nature, never like conquerors rule foreign nations, never like people who stand outside nature, … and our total rule over nature lies in that we are better than all other animals and can understand and correctly apply the laws of nature". We must clearly realize that the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects has great side effects on the virtuous circle of ecological balance, which requires us to minimize it through reasonable and scientific planning, design and management. Besides good political and economic conditions, it is more important to rely on the scientific and technological revolution. Science and technology are the main tools to coordinate the relationship between man and nature. Because the dynamic balance of the biosphere is the premise of the stability of human beings and their life systems, the natural laws profoundly revealed by the development of modern natural science are the basis for human beings to understand the dynamic balance mechanism of the biosphere, and modern technology provides the necessary means for adjusting the dynamic balance of the biosphere. This regulation must consider the nature and boundary of human activities acting on nature, and must take the protection and reproduction of nature into social organisms as an important part.
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