(1) Formulating public policies that can promote health: The health problem involves many departments, which requires not only the health departments to formulate corresponding policies, but also the non-health departments to implement health promotion policies;
(2) Creating a supportive environment: creating a safe, satisfactory and pleasant living and working environment and supporting people to adopt healthy behaviors;
(3) Strengthen community actions: fully mobilize community forces, actively and effectively participate in the formulation and implementation of health care plans, tap community resources, and solve community health problems;
(4) developing personal skills: improving people's health care knowledge and ability;
(5) Adjusting the direction of health services: emphasizing individuals, social groups, health personnel and departments, other institutions, governments, etc. * * * Share health responsibilities and establish a health care system.
Second, the basic strategies of health promotion.
Based on the concept and activity field of health promotion, the basic strategies of health promotion can be divided into advocacy, authorization, coordination and social mobilization, among which advocacy, authorization and coordination are the three basic strategies of health promotion clearly pointed out in the Ottawa Declaration, and social mobilization is the health promotion strategy put forward by UNICEF in the process of improving the health status of women and children.
(1) Advocacy: The main emphasis is to use the advocacy strategy of policy makers to promote the formulation and promulgation of public policies that are beneficial to health.
(2) Empowerment: develop the capacity building of communities and people, make them have the awareness of maintaining health, master scientific knowledge and feasible technology, stimulate the potential of communities and individuals, and finally enable communities, families and individuals to take their own health responsibilities and put them into action.
(3) Coordination: Health promotion involves the government, various departments, social organizations, non-governmental organizations, communities and individuals, so that various forces can effectively play their roles, support and cooperate with each other. We should use coordination strategies, pay attention to their own interests and actions, form a strong alliance and social support system to promote health, and strive to achieve the common goal of maintaining and improving the health of the whole society.
(4) Social mobilization: The main targets of social mobilization strategy are all social forces, communities and individuals. Effective social mobilization needs to inspire people with lofty goals, impress people with the greatest satisfaction and compromise of the interests of all parties, and urge all parties to take active actions to produce tangible results.
Thirdly, the content of "five-factor communication model" is briefly described.
The "five-factor communication model" of health communication was put forward by lasswell. By answering five questions, this model describes the basic structure of communication and five main fields of communication research.
These five questions are: Who? what did you say ? Through what channels? To whom? What effect has it achieved? Model and its five research fields are
Communicator control research, information content research, media research, audience research and effect research.
Fourth, briefly describe the factors that affect the effect of health communication.
Communicator factor: Communicator is the main body of health communication, usually a health educator, a transmitter of information and a gatekeeper of health information in the process of communication. Whether the communicator can play the role of gatekeeper and ensure the scientificity, pertinence, popularization and applicability of information directly affects the effect of healthy communication. In addition, communicators with prestige, authority and good self-image are more likely to be recognized and accepted by the recipients, and the information they spread is also easy to be accepted and believed.
Information factor: information meets the needs of the target population (recipients), is scientific, is beneficial to the health of the recipients, and is easily accepted by the recipients. Information obeys the purpose of communication, and the expression form is appropriate, which also helps the recipients to understand and use health information.
Media channel factor: the media and communication channels used can be contacted and obtained by the recipients, which is the premise for information to play its role. Therefore, choosing the media that is suitable for information and accepted by the recipients is the basis for achieving good communication effect. The combination of various channels can often learn from each other's strong points and improve the communication effect.
Audience: As the receiver of information, audience is also an important factor affecting the communication effect. The general psychological manifestations of the receiver are seeking truth, novelty, simplicity, closeness, seeking teaching and being tired of teaching, thus forming the selectivity of receiving information, including selective attention, selective understanding and selective memory. In addition, the social and demographic characteristics and health status of recipients are also important factors that affect their choice of health information.
The natural environment and social environment in which health communication activities take place will also affect the communication effect, such as the location and distance of activities in the natural environment, and the cultural customs and social norms in the social environment will also promote or weaken the communication effect.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) briefly describes "knowledge, belief and action model" and its basic idea.
Knowledge-belief and attitude-behavior
Knowledge is the basis of forming healthy beliefs, changing attitudes and forming healthy behaviors. Belief is the driving force of behavior, and behavior is the goal of health education. There is a causal relationship among knowledge, belief and behavior, but it is not inevitable. It is still a complex process to make people change their beliefs and behaviors on the basis of accepting health care knowledge, which needs careful design and implementation.
Sixth, the role of "self-efficacy" in breastfeeding is analyzed by using the health belief model.
Self-efficacy is an individual's evaluation and judgment of his own ability, that is, whether he believes that he can successfully adopt healthy behavior through hard work and achieve the expected results. People with high self-efficacy are more likely to take health-promoting behaviors.
In the behavior of breast-feeding, the mother's sense of self-efficacy is an important factor for her to implement the behavior. If the mother has decision-making ability; Have the convenience to arrange their own working hours, or have the ability to urge family members and units to provide convenience for breastfeeding; Believing that you can breastfeed shows that mothers have high self-efficacy and are more likely to breastfeed. Instead, it will affect the realization of this healthy behavior.
Firstly, the connotation of health education intervention strategy is briefly described, and its application in community hypertension prevention and health promotion projects is explained.
The intervention strategies of health education and health promotion are the principles and strategies to achieve the project objectives, and the ways and methods to achieve the objectives at a certain height are the guiding ideology of each specific intervention activity.
Health education intervention strategies include educational strategies, policy strategies and environmental strategies.
In the community hypertension prevention and health promotion project, the educational strategies that can be used include information exchange strategies (such as lectures, consultation, TV public service advertisements, brochures, folding pages, etc.). ), skills training strategies (such as lectures, demonstrations and simulation training, demonstration operations, etc.). ), as well as organizational methods and strategies (such as community sports).
Policy strategies include policies, regulations, rules and regulations, and cultural atmosphere. For example, the establishment of a blood pressure measurement system for patients over 30 years old can find patients with hypertension as soon as possible, which is conducive to the tertiary prevention and health care of hypertension in the community.
Environment includes social environment and physical environment. In the community hypertension prevention and control project, the crowd sports ground was established and formulated.
Second, the meaning of specific objectives of health education and health promotion plan, questions to be answered and three types.
The specific goal of health education and health promotion plan refers to the specific and two-oriented goal designed to achieve the overall goal.
Standards, in terms of expression, should be able to answer who, what changes, how long to achieve this change, and in what scope.
How to achieve this change and the degree of change. According to the change, the specific objectives can be divided into:
(1) Education goal: Its change content is the most direct and recent result of health education, such as the change of knowledge, belief and attitude.
(2) Behavior goal: the content of change is health-related behavior, that is, the expected change of health-related behavior through the implementation of health education and health promotion plan.
(3) Health goal: It will take a long time to change people's health status after implementing the health education and health promotion plan. The choice of health goals depends on the nature and duration of the project plan.
Thirdly, try to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the design schemes compared with the non-equivalent control group.
Compared with the control group, the design and operation are relatively simple, which can save manpower, material resources and time resources; When the project cycle is long, the time factor has great influence; It is suitable for evaluating short-term projects and needs to pay attention to the control of influencing factors.
Non-equivalent control group design scheme: the influence of some mixed factors can be effectively eliminated by setting up the control group, but when the control group is not selected properly, it will produce selection bias and the control group will not play its due role; The design scheme of non-equivalent control group is feasible, but the comparability between control group and intervention group should be paid attention to.
Fourth, the factors that affect the evaluation results.
In order to determine to what extent the change of target population after the implementation of health education/health promotion project is attributed to the intervention of the project, special attention should be paid to preventing the influence of mixed factors on the project output. There are five common factors that affect the evaluation results.
(A) the time factor
Time factor, also known as historical factor, refers to the major factors that may affect the health-related behaviors of the target population during the implementation or evaluation of health education/health promotion plan and its influencing factors, such as the introduction of health-related public policies, major changes in living conditions, natural disasters, etc.
(2) Test or observation factors
In the evaluation process, it is necessary to observe and measure the implementation of the project, the health-related behaviors of the target population and the health status.
(3) Regression factors
Regression factor refers to the phenomenon that a certain characteristic level of an individual measured object is too high or too low due to accidental factors, and then returns to the actual level.
Selection factor
The purpose of setting up control group is to overcome the influence of time factor, measurement factor and regression factor on the project effect.
(5) Lost visit
Loss of follow-up refers to the inability to intervene or evaluate the target population for various reasons during the implementation or evaluation of health education/health promotion plan.
First, the advantages and characteristics of self-directed learning method.
Self-directed learning is very consistent with the characteristics of adult lifelong learning. Although the physiological function of adults has gradually deteriorated and their intelligence has begun to decline, their learning ability has not declined, their life experience is very rich, and they pay more and more attention to health because of their vigilance against aging. In group learning activities, participants have ample opportunities to express their views and exchange and share experiences with others. In the process of interaction, it can stimulate everyone's learning potential and enhance their self-confidence.
Self-directed learning has the following characteristics: ① learner-centered, and teachers are only promoters; ② Learning should be based on learners' existing experience; ③ Adults are self-directed learning individuals; ④ Learners should participate in needs assessment, goal setting and result evaluation; ⑤ The problem should be the center.
Second, the advantages and limitations of group discussion.
Advantages: (1) Small sample size and low cost, but rich and in-depth data can be obtained; (2) Information comes from many people, and a large amount of information can be obtained in a relatively short time; (3) Discussion can also stimulate participants' thinking and expose unpredictable clues in advance, thus obtaining more valuable information; (4) The host has the opportunity to clarify some problems that are easily misunderstood by the participants, and to some extent, suppress false positives and conceal information; (5) The original data can vividly express the opinions and attitudes of the respondents.
Limitations: Because the team members are not obtained by probability sampling, the results are not statistically representative and cannot be extrapolated; The quality of the survey and even whether the survey results can be established depends largely on the level and skills of the moderator; Group environment may sometimes inhibit discussion, such as being monopolized by a few people, and other respondents may echo others without expressing their true thoughts. In addition, the process of data collection and the analysis of results are easy to be subjective.
Third, the content of hospital health promotion.
The contents of hospital health promotion include:
1. Establish a network of hospital health promotion organizations.
2. Formulate health promotion policies and plans.
3. Create a healthy hospital environment
4. Strengthen the health education and training of medical staff.
(1) Professional training for full-time health educators; (2) Continuing education for all medical staff.
5. Improve the health level of hospital staff.
6. Carry out various forms of health education activities.
Fourthly, list the occupational hazard factors and occupational protective measures of nursing staff.
(A) Occupational hazards of nurses
1. Biological hazards mainly refer to infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, and contact with various infectious liquids is also the main route of infection.
2. Chemical hazards mainly come from toxic and harmful substances such as anti-tumor drugs and disinfectants that are often contacted.
3. Physical injury can be divided into sports functional injury and physical stimulation.
4. Psychosocial hazards Clinical nurses are in a state of high mental tension every day, especially when they encounter acute and severe diseases and rescue. Nurses who work in shifts lack regularity. Nurses standing, walking and carrying heavy objects at work will cause local symptoms and fatigue to varying degrees.
(2) Occupational protection measures
1. Strengthen occupational safety education for nurses
2. Strengthen labor protection and improve the medical operation environment.
Step 3 deal with violence
Fifth, the relationship between patient education procedure and nursing procedure.
Intervention evaluation of needs assessment and diagnosis plan
Nursing project
Ask questions, collect data, understand patients' needs, make nursing diagnosis, set nursing goals, put forward nursing plans, implement nursing plans, and evaluate whether nursing service results meet the planned goals.
Patient education program
The educational demand and psychological evaluation of learning education diagnosis are the components of nursing diagnosis, and the learning goal is the sub-goal of nursing goal. Educational intervention can be implemented together with other nursing interventions to evaluate the learning effect.
First of all, illustrate the significance of developing diabetes prevention and health promotion projects in the community with examples.
(1) With the aging of population and the change of people's lifestyle, diabetes has increasingly become one of the main health problems threatening the health of community residents, and its risk factors are closely related to people's daily behavior and lifestyle, mostly occurring in families and communities.
(2) Developing community diabetes prevention and control projects can fully explore and utilize the favorable conditions of the community, such as community environmental conditions and resources, community policies, community activities, etc. And help to improve people's behavior and lifestyle.
(3) Relying on the community, it is also convenient to carry out various health education activities for the community population, such as reasonable diet, food selection and production for diabetic patients, and has achieved good results.
(4) Developing community diabetes prevention and treatment projects can effectively give play to the advantages of community health services, integrate the disease prevention and treatment of existing patients, reduce the impact of diabetes on the health of the population as a whole, and improve the quality of life of the community population.
Second, the principle of physical activity intervention.
The principle of physical activity intervention is:
1, routine physical examination before exercise training
2. Collection of sports-related information
(1) sports history
(2) Constitution
(3) Interest
(4) contraindications to exercise
(5) Sports environment
(6) Sports guidance
3. Choice of exercise.
4. Selection of sports content
5. Exercise progress
6. Prevention and treatment of accidents and discomfort
Three, targeted intervention for patients with obesity and complications.
Mainly to prevent further weight gain, it is best to reduce their weight, and to manage the diseases of patients with complications, such as self-weight monitoring, setting weight loss goals, and guiding corresponding drug treatment methods. Through health education, improve patients' awareness that obesity may further aggravate the risk of disease, and strive to improve patients' confidence.
Fourth, list the influencing factors of the formation of addictive behavior.
(1) Social and environmental factors
(2) Social psychological factors
(3) Cultural factors
(4) Media factors
(5) Group effect
(6) Family influence
Verb (abbreviation of verb) HIV mainly spreads through three ways and other ways.
HIV mainly spreads through three ways and other ways.
HIV is mainly transmitted through three ways: ① blood transmission: importing contaminated blood and blood products; Transplanting organs of HIV-infected people and receiving semen containing HIV (artificial insemination); Using injection equipment with HIV-infected people (such as intravenous drug use); And the use of medical devices, hairdressing tools, tattooing/ear piercing tools that have not been thoroughly disinfected after being contaminated by HIV. ② Sexual transmission: In addition to vaginal intercourse between the opposite sex, it also includes anal intercourse between homosexuals (the penis is inserted into each other's anus). ③ Vertical mother-to-child transmission: including pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. HIV can cross the placental barrier, and pregnant women infected with HIV can transmit HIV to the fetus. During childbirth, the fetus may also be infected through the birth canal; After delivery, the baby may be infected by breastfeeding.
Other ways: In the process of artificial insemination, accepting semen with HIV also creates opportunities for HIV infection. Medical staff, police, hairdressers, prison guards and funeral personnel have more opportunities to contact AIDS patients. If their skin is damaged, they may be infected with HIV through contact.