Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a simple and convenient method for quantitative analysis of non-quantitative things in system engineering. It divides all the factors in complex problems into interrelated and orderly levels. On the one hand, people's subjective judgment can be fully considered, and the research object can be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively; On the other hand, the research object can be regarded as a system, and various complex factors can be analyzed layer by layer from the internal and external relations of the system.
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and hierarchical superposition method focus on giving appropriate weight to various factors in complex things, so they are suitable for the development and utilization of water resources and the safety zoning of water resources. The national acid rain regional distribution map and the national multi-year per capita precipitation distribution map are superimposed, and the national precipitation water supply safety analysis map is obtained after analysis. Overlay the national surface water quality map and the national surface water resources distribution map, and get the national surface water supply safety analysis sketch after analysis; The national groundwater quality distribution map, the national groundwater exploitable quantity distribution map, the national groundwater pollution zoning map and the environmental geological problems caused by groundwater overexploitation are superimposed, and the draft of groundwater water supply safety analysis is obtained after analysis. Then, the sketch of national atmospheric precipitation water supply safety analysis, the sketch of national surface water supply safety analysis and the sketch of groundwater supply safety analysis are superimposed, and the national water resources and water supply safety zoning map is obtained after analysis (attached figure 13).
National Water Resources and Water Supply Safety Zoning Map According to China's water resources and water supply safety situation, China is roughly divided into four parts:
I. Water resources and water supply safety zones. It mainly includes Tibet and parts of Xinjiang, Qinghai and Sichuan. This area is rich in groundwater resources, which is the water source of major rivers in China. We need to strengthen the protection of water resources in this area. Tibet is rich in water resources. According to statistics, the total water resources in the whole autonomous region is 4482× 1.08 m3 (excluding groundwater). According to the population and cultivated land of the whole autonomous region, the per capita water consumption and per mu water consumption rank first in the country. The average annual runoff of glaciers and groundwater is 3959× 108m3, accounting for 12% of the national total. There are hundreds of snow-capped mountains in Tibet, which have become huge natural reservoirs. It is the province (autonomous region or municipality) with the largest number of glaciers in China, with a glacier area of 2.62× 104km2, accounting for about half of the total glacier area in China. Glacier meltwater is not only beneficial to farmland irrigation and drinking water for people and animals, but also an important water source for rivers and lakes in Tibet. The runoff of rivers in Tibet varies greatly. The Yarlung Zangbo River is the largest river in the autonomous region, and its average annual runoff is second only to the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and Heilongjiang, ranking fourth in the country. There are more than 1500 lakes in Tibet, covering an area of 2.4× 104km2, accounting for about the total area of lakes in China. In recent years, due to the frequent development and construction of nature and human society and the influence of many factors that cannot be reasonably protected, soil erosion in this area has an increasing trend, which should be highly valued by us. The problem of water pollution in densely populated areas has become increasingly prominent. Without effective control and protection, water pollution will also restrict the sustained, healthy and rapid development of the western economy.
Ⅱ. Water resources and water supply safety zones. It mainly includes four sub-regions, mainly distributed in northwest, northeast and southwest China. The hydrogeological conditions and natural attributes of each subregion are different, and the factors causing unsafe water supply are also different. Groundwater is the main water supply source in northwest and northeast China, especially in Xinjiang in northwest China. Northwest China has a dry climate, less rainfall and large evaporation, which makes the surface water system less developed, and dry river beds appear in deserts and Gobi desert near the desert. Due to the underdeveloped economy and light water pollution in northwest China, groundwater resources and precipitation have become the main factors that determine the water supply security in northwest China. In Northeast China, although groundwater is also the main water supply source, the situation of water resources in Northeast China is very different from that in Northwest China. The northeast region is rich in groundwater resources, and the rainfall in this region is much greater than that in the northwest region. Northeast China is a heavy industry base in China, which is built earlier, with backward facilities and serious environmental pollution, especially groundwater pollution, which will become the focus of governance in this area. Therefore, water pollution has become an important factor to determine the safety level of water supply in this area. Southwest China is very different from northwest and northeast China. Southwest China is dominated by surface water, which has become an important factor to determine its safety level.
Ⅱ 1. It has the zoning of safe water supply for atmospheric precipitation, safe water supply for surface water and safe water supply for groundwater. Mainly distributed in Xinjiang. The precipitation in Xinjiang mainly comes from the westerly airflow prevailing in the Atlantic Ocean, followed by the cold and humid airflow in the Arctic Ocean, and it is difficult for the monsoon of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean to enter Xinjiang. The average annual precipitation in Xinjiang is only 1.45 mm, which is 23% of the national average (630 mm). Xinjiang is almost the least in the same latitude area of the world. Xinjiang is a typical arid Gobi desert area, with little annual precipitation and strong evaporation. However, because the basin is surrounded by high mountains, the precipitation and snow water in the mountainous areas are very rich, and the total annual runoff of the river reaches 884× 108m3, all of which flows into the basin. Therefore, although Xinjiang is located in an extremely arid area, it has unique advantages and abundant water resources. Although it is difficult to develop, it still has great potential. At present, precipitation is the main drinking water source in Xinjiang.
In the fine soil plain of Xinjiang, due to unreasonable water diversion irrigation, flood irrigation, heavy irrigation and light drainage, a large area of land is secondary salinization; In some areas, secondary saline-alkali land accounts for about 60% of cultivated land, which leads to serious reduction of farmland production. The construction of plain reservoirs in some areas leads to the elevation of groundwater level, which is also one of the important reasons for soil salinization.
With the growth of urban population and industrial development, urban water resources are increasingly tense, which has become a common problem in the country. Urumqi mainly uses groundwater as the water supply source, which was once over-exploited. In recent years, the water source of Chaiwobao has been newly built, and the daily water supply capacity of the whole city has increased to 30× 104m3, basically reaching the balance between supply and demand. After years of investigation and study, the exploration of Xishan water source and Chaiwobao West water source has been completed and can be used as backup water sources. Therefore, the water supply in this area is safer.
Ⅱ2. With the safe water supply of atmospheric precipitation, surface water and groundwater. The main scope is Heilongjiang and northeastern Inner Mongolia. Heilongjiang has a continental monsoon climate from middle temperate zone to cold temperate zone. The annual average temperature is -4℃ ~ 5℃. At the end of 2008, the total population of the province was 38.25 million. There are four major water systems in Heilongjiang Province: Heilongjiang, Songhua River, Wusuli River and Suifenhe River. There are four great lakes: Xingkai Lake, Jingbo Lake, Lianhuan Lake and Wudalianchi Lake, surrounded by many bubble swamps. There are 1, 9 18 rivers with a basin area of over 50km2. The average surface water resources of the province for many years are 686.0× 108m3, and the average groundwater resources for many years are 297.44× 108m3. In 2005, the average annual precipitation depth in the whole province was 50 1.5mm, equivalent to water.
Since the founding of New China more than 60 years ago, water conservancy in Heilongjiang Province has developed vigorously, with the agricultural irrigation water supply of 219.1×108m3 and the effective irrigation area of 48.83 million mu. The development of water-saving irrigation area is 32.69 million mu, and the irrigation capacity of drought-resistant sitting points is 32 million mu. At present, the irrigated area of paddy fields in the province has reached 35.72 million mu, and the total rice output accounts for about 40% of the total grain output in the province.
The main problems existing in the utilization of water resources in Heilongjiang Province are as follows: ① Water resources are not rich and unevenly distributed in time and space. The average surface water resource in Heilongjiang Province for many years is 655.82× 108m3, the exploitable groundwater in Heilongjiang Province is105.16×108m3, and the per capita water resource is 20 17m3, which occupies cultivated land per capita. Both are lower than the national average. At the same time, the temporal and spatial distribution of water resources is extremely uneven. The annual precipitation is mainly concentrated from June to September, accounting for about 60% ~ 80% of the whole year. The cultivated land area in hilly area accounts for about 20% of the whole province, and its surface water resources account for 74.5% of the total; However, the surface water resources in plain areas, which account for 80% of the province's cultivated land area, only account for 25.5% of the total. ② Water pollution has not been effectively prevented. With the development of social economy. The discharge of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage is increasing year by year. In 2005, the wastewater discharge of the whole province was 32.75× 108m3, of which industrial wastewater accounted for 83.5% and domestic wastewater accounted for 16.50. The monitoring results of Heilongjiang Water Environment Monitoring Center Station in 2005 showed that among the 66 18.5km river length, the reach with water quality exceeding the standard (exceeding Class III) accounted for 78% of the total river length. Among them, the heavily polluted reach with Class IV water quality accounts for 51%of the assessed reach; The river length of the seriously polluted water of Class IV and the extremely polluted water of Class V with no use function accounts for 16% and 1 1% of the river length, respectively. Therefore, water pollution is an important factor affecting the safety of water supply in this area, and solving water pollution will become an important way to ensure the safety of water supply in this area.
Ⅱ3. Division of water supply safety of atmospheric precipitation, unsafe water supply of surface water and safe water supply of groundwater. Mainly distributed in most areas of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Qinghai.
Gansu province is located in the arid and semi-arid area of northwest China, with scarce precipitation, uneven spatial and temporal distribution and dislocation of supply and demand. The shortage of water resources directly restricts the province's economic development and the improvement of the ecological environment. Therefore, groundwater has become an important factor to determine the safety level of this area.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is dominated by temperate continental monsoon climate. It has the characteristics of less and uneven precipitation, strong wind force and drastic changes in cold and summer. The annual total precipitation is 50 ~ 450 mm, with more precipitation in the northeast and less precipitation in the west. The precipitation in Oroqen Autonomous Banner in the east is 486 mm, the annual precipitation in Alashan Plateau in the west is less than 50 mm, and the annual precipitation in Ejina Banner is 37 mm. The evaporation in most areas is greater than 1200mm, the Daxinganling is less than 1200mm, and the Bayannaoer Plateau is greater than 3200 mm. The surface water resources in the whole autonomous region are 67 1× 108m3, and the self-produced water resources in China are 37 1× 108m3, accounting for 1.67% of the total water in China. Groundwater resources are 300× 108m3, accounting for 2.9% of the national groundwater resources. After deducting the repeated water consumption, the total water resources in the whole autonomous region is 5 18× 108 m3. The annual per capita water consumption is 2370m3, the average water consumption per hectare of cultivated land is 1.0× 104m3, and the average water yield modulus is 4.4 1× 104m3/km2. The distribution of water resources in Inner Mongolia is very uneven in regional and time process, which is not suitable for the distribution of population and cultivated land. The eastern basin of Heilongjiang accounts for 27% of the land area, 20% of the cultivated land area and 18% of the population in the whole autonomous region. The total water resources account for 65% of the whole autonomous region, and the per capita water consumption is 8420m3, which is 3.6 times of the average level of the whole autonomous region. The total area of Xiliao River, Hailuan River and Yellow River in the central and western regions accounts for 26% of the whole autonomous region, the cultivated land accounts for 30% of the whole autonomous region, and the population accounts for 66% of the whole autonomous region, but the water resources only account for 25% of the whole autonomous region. Among them, except for some transit water available along the Yellow River, most areas are short of water resources.
Ⅱ4. The zoning of safer water supply for atmospheric precipitation, safer water supply for surface water and safer water supply for groundwater. It mainly includes Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing, most parts of Hunan and southeastern Sichuan. The southwest of China is rich in water resources, but it is also full of dangers. The rapid development of China has stimulated the rapid growth of energy demand. Due to the inherent shortage of oil and natural gas reserves in China, the development of hydropower has become an important way to solve the energy shortage, and rivers in southwest China have become the main places for hydropower development. The disorderly dam construction boom is destroying the water environment in the southwest of China, threatening the local precious biodiversity and landscape resources. Red beds in Southwest China are seriously short of water, mainly distributed in Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces (cities), and the distribution area of red beds is 31.01×104km2. The area of carbonate rocks in the whole area is 43. 16× 104km2. When the rainfall guarantee rate is 50%, 75% and 95%, the natural resources are 2266.7 1× 108m3/a and 202 1.65438+ respectively. The exploitable amount of karst groundwater is 620.92× 108m3/a, and the exploited amount is 90.28× 108m3/a, which has great development potential and provides a scientific basis for the development and utilization planning of water resources in karst mountainous areas in southwest China. In 20 10, comprehensive measures such as taking water from inclined shafts, lifting water from the skylight of underground rivers, and drilling construction wells were taken in the red beds in southwest China, and 88 wells were drilled for people suffering from drought and water shortage, with a water output of 8 1× 104m3/d, which solved the water shortage problem of 244,700 people and 63,900 livestock. The mountainous areas around the Sichuan Basin have high terrain and abundant rainfall, with an average annual rainfall of 1200 ~ 1600 mm. The bottom of the basin is relatively flat and low-lying, with an average annual rainfall of 700 ~1000 mm. Runoff from mountainous areas around the basin is collected into the basin, which provides unique conditions for the development and utilization of water resources in the basin. The world-famous Dujiangyan water conservancy project introduced more than 9 billion cubic meters of water from the annual water resources of 654.38+0.4 billion cubic meters generated by the catchment area of 2.2664× 104km2 in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, which made up for the shortage of local water resources. At present, a large irrigation area of more than 654.38+065.438+00,000 mu has been formed in the basin abdomen including Chengdu Plain. Because a large amount of precipitation is generally concentrated after June, the distribution of water resources changes greatly during the year, even in the year when the total annual water resources is greater than the normal year, drought will still occur. In July and August, there was frequent drought and water shortage in the Jialing River basin in the east of the basin. Drought is the most influential natural disaster in Sichuan province, so seasonal water shortage is also a problem that needs to be solved.
Ⅲ. The water resources and water supply in the whole area are relatively unsafe. Includes two sub-regions, mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Hubei, parts of Hunan, most parts of Jiangxi, Fujian, parts of Zhejiang, most parts of South China, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, most parts of the Loess Plateau, and Inner Mongolia in the Yellow River Basin. The hydrogeological conditions and natural attributes of each subregion are different, and the factors causing unsafe water supply are also different.
Ⅲ 1. Division of unsafe atmospheric precipitation water supply, safe surface water supply and safe groundwater supply. The region mainly covers Shaanxi, Hubei, parts of Hunan, most parts of Jiangxi, parts of Fujian and Zhejiang, most parts of South China, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
The average annual runoff in the Pearl River Basin is 3360× 108m3, and the per capita water resources in the basin is 4700m3, which is equivalent to 1.7 times of the national per capita water resources. Guangdong is the most economically developed province in the Pearl River Basin, and it is also the province that discharges the most pollutants into the Pearl River. In 2008, Guangdong's GDP accounted for 79.64% of the total GDP of the Pearl River Basin. The water quality of rivers entering Guangdong has basically reached Grade III or above, but after entering the Pearl River Delta region, some rivers are inferior to Grade V. The Pearl River Delta region is the leader and main body of Guangdong's economic and social development. China's years of reform and opening up have promoted the economic development and rapid growth of the national economy in the Pearl River Delta region, created enormous material wealth and greatly improved people's living standards. However, due to the excessive intensity of resource development, environmental pollution, soil erosion, the decrease of cultivated land area and the increase of resource depletion rate have been caused, and the Pearl River Delta region has become a serious environmental pollution area in Guangdong Province. At present, with the acceleration of urbanization and the increase of urban population in the Pearl River Delta region, a large number of domestic sewage has been produced, and a large number of industrial enterprises that pollute the environment have brought some industrial pollution. The river water pollution caused by these factors has formed a shortage of water resources.
Guangxi is a region rich in water resources in China. Guangxi is located in a low latitude region with abundant rainfall, developed rivers and abundant water resources. The total length of surface rivers in the whole autonomous region is 3.4× 104km, among which there are 986 rivers with rainwater harvesting area above 50km2. The water area of the whole autonomous region is 8026km2, accounting for 3.38% of the total land area of the whole autonomous region. The annual runoff of rivers in the whole autonomous region is about 1880× 108m3, accounting for 6.4% of the total surface water in China, ranking fourth in all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). In Guangxi, where the economic development speed is accelerating day by day, the utilization rate of water resources is low and water pollution accidents occur frequently. Small alcohol factories, small sugar factories and small paper mills have become the main sources of pollution discharge in Guangxi. At present, only Nanning, Liuzhou, Guilin and Beihai have sewage treatment plants in Guangxi. There are 1496 major sewage outlets in Guangxi14 cities 107 counties, which discharge billions of tons of wastewater into rivers and reservoirs every year.
Ⅲ2. Division of safe water supply for atmospheric precipitation, unsafe water supply for surface water and unsafe water supply for groundwater. The main scope of this area is the Loess Plateau in the Yellow River Basin and most of Inner Mongolia. This area is mainly located in the Loess Plateau. The loess layer is deep, the soil is loose, the terrain is broken, the rainstorm is frequent, and the soil erosion is extremely serious. Therefore, almost all the loess plateau areas are plagued by serious desertification, soil erosion and water shortage. The Loess Plateau is a region with a serious shortage of water resources in China. In most places, people and animals rely on rainwater for drinking water. Natural precipitation is the main source of water resources in this area. Natural precipitation has its natural regional and time fluctuation, and the precipitation changes greatly, from less than 190 mm in the west to nearly 900 mm in the east. Due to the backward economic development and low water pollution in this area, surface water has become an important factor to determine the safety level of water supply in this area. Compared with the national average, the water resources in Inner Mongolia are even scarcer, and the distribution of water resources in the whole autonomous region is uneven, with more than 90% concentrated in the eastern region. The severe water shortage in the central and western regions, coupled with unreasonable utilization and interception by human beings, makes the surface water flow in vast areas decrease year by year, lakes dry up and rivers cut off, especially in grasslands and desert areas in the central and western regions. Not only is there a shortage of water resources in Inner Mongolia, but the quality of water environment is also deteriorating. A large number of untreated or partially treated sewage is discharged into rivers, lakes and seas, causing water pollution, aggravating water shortage and forming a vicious circle.
Ⅳ. Water resources and water supply are unsafe areas. The main areas are North China, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Liaoning. Due to the influence of precipitation and underlying surface, the temporal and spatial distribution and development and utilization conditions of water resources in North China are very different. The annual runoff depth in this area is generally between 25 ~ 250mm, and the mountains and river basins are generally large, so the storage conditions of reservoirs are good and the surface water is easy to control and utilize. The plain water system is scattered, the source is short and the flow is long, and the runoff is mostly waterlogged in flood season, which is difficult to use. Groundwater in plain area is of great significance to water supply, and the conditions of recharge and exploitation vary greatly from place to place. Generally speaking, piedmont plain areas (such as in front of Taihang Mountain) can not only get the water regulated by mountain reservoirs, but also have abundant groundwater resources that are easy to exploit. Areas with Yellow River diversion conditions (such as northwest Shandong) benefit from the replenishment of Yellow River water. These areas are relatively rich in water resources, but there are also many problems. For example, the water demand in front of Taihang Mountain has increased rapidly in recent years, and groundwater funnels and industrial and agricultural competition for water have emerged; In the Yellow River Diversion Area, due to water and sediment regulation, a large area of land desertification and high cost of lifting water with high lift are caused. As for those areas (such as Heilonggang, Yundong and northern Hebei) where the incoming water is not guaranteed, the groundwater is less and the water quality is poor, the flood conditions are relatively poor, and some places have not solved the drinking water problem for people and animals so far.
Ⅳ 1. Division of safe water supply for atmospheric precipitation, unsafe water supply for surface water and unsafe water supply for groundwater. Mainly in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The main tributaries of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River include Qingyi River and Shuiyangjiang River systems on the south bank, Taihu Lake system composed of Dongtiaoxi River, Xitiaoxi River, Wusongjiang River and Huangpu River, and Anhejiang River, Chuhe River and Chaohu Lake systems on the north bank. These tributaries are short and small, and the water quantity is very limited. In addition, the main stream is mostly tidal reach, which is often affected by tidal jacking. Therefore, Datong City, Anhui Province has been taken as the control section of the whole river to calculate the water and sediment quantity. According to the recent measured data, the annual water volume of the Yangtze River passing through Datong is 13600× 108m3 in the highest year, 6370× 108m3 in the lowest year and 91108m3 in the average for many years. The lower reaches of the Yangtze River is one of the regions with abundant wetland resources in China. Wetlands have great environmental functions and economic benefits for flood control, drainage and water source protection in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The disorderly development of human beings has seriously damaged the ecological function of the Yangtze River, and directly affected the economic function of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the most dynamic region in China. Although the Yangtze River Basin in China is rich in water resources, it is unevenly distributed in time and space, with frequent floods and severe droughts. The characteristics of pollution in the Yangtze River basin are that the downstream is more serious than the upstream, and the tributaries are more serious than the main stream. More than half of the lakes are already in different degrees of eutrophication. Large and medium-sized enterprises in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in the main stream of the Yangtze River, are relatively concentrated, and most of them belong to chemical, metallurgical, mechanical, paper-making and food processing enterprises. The industrial pattern of high energy consumption and high water consumption, which is dominated by energy and raw materials, has caused structural pollution. The treatment of industrial pollution sources is also a key point of water pollution prevention in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This shows that water pollution is an important factor affecting the safety level of water supply in this area.
The annual precipitation in Henan province is generally around 600 ~1000 mm. It gradually decreases from southeast to northwest. From April to 65438+10, the precipitation in various places accounts for 80% ~ 90% of the whole year. During this period, there was sufficient precipitation and heat, which was beneficial to agricultural production. However, because the precipitation in Henan province mainly comes from the southeast monsoon, the annual and seasonal changes of precipitation in the province are great, and the development of irrigation is the basic condition to ensure stable and high agricultural production. The total annual runoff of the whole province is 36 1× 108m3, and it is about 185× 108m3 in the middle drought year. In general, during the wet season (June to September), the runoff in most areas accounts for 60% ~ 70% of the annual runoff; In the dry season, the river water is very small. In terms of surface water quality, the salinity of surface runoff in each basin is low, generally less than 0.3g/L, which belongs to calcareous bicarbonate water. Henan Province is rich in groundwater resources, estimated to be about 222× 108m3, of which plains and valley basins account for 76% and hills for 24%. Plain groundwater is mainly supplied by precipitation and lateral infiltration of rivers and canals, while hilly groundwater is mainly supplied by precipitation infiltration, and the water level changes with seasons. The annual variation of shallow groundwater level is about 2 ~ 3m. When a large amount of water is needed in dry season or dry season, the groundwater level in many areas (such as Nanle, Puyang and Wenxian) drops and the water inflow drops sharply.
The comprehensive recharge of groundwater resources in Shandong Province is 193× 108m3/a, and the available groundwater fresh water resources are169.59×108m3/a. In recent years, the actual groundwater exploitation in Shandong Province is about130×/kloc. The potential of groundwater resources in Shandong Province is at least 35×65433. These groundwater resources to be exploited are distributed in 17 cities in the whole province, among which Heze, Dezhou and Linyi have the greatest exploitation potential. Shandong province has great potential for groundwater exploitation, but it does not pay attention to environmental protection. According to the bulletin on the environmental situation of Shandong Province, major rivers and lakes are polluted to varying degrees. Most of the river sections exceed the national V-class water quality standard. Groundwater pollution on both sides of the river bank gradually changed from linear to zonal, and then developed into planar.
Ⅳ2. Division of safe water supply for atmospheric precipitation, unsafe water supply for surface water and unsafe water supply for groundwater. Mainly in the North China Plain, the total area of North China is 13.6× 104km2, the population is about1.1billion, the GDP accounts for 12% of the whole country, and the total grain output accounts for10. However, the serious shortage and unreasonable utilization of water resources restrict the local economic development. North China is the most scarce area of water resources in China, and the per capita water resources are only 335m3 per year, which is less than the national average 1/6. Moreover, the distribution of surface water is uneven in time and space, and groundwater is an important pillar of sustainable economic and social development in North China Plain. Groundwater exploitation in Beijing, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, Handan, Baoding, Hengshui, Langfang and Tangshan has accounted for more than 70% of the total water supply. The latest investigation results show that the natural resources of groundwater in North China Plain are 227.4× 108 km3/ year, and the groundwater exploitation in 2000 reached 2 12× 108km3. Among them, the exploitation of shallow groundwater is 178.4× 108km3, accounting for 84.2% of the total exploitation; The exploitation of deep groundwater is 33.6× 108km3, accounting for 15.8% of the total exploitation. The exploitation and utilization degree of shallow groundwater in North China Plain is 106%, and that of deep groundwater is 139%. Due to the unreasonable mining layout, the shallow groundwater level in Hebei, Beijing and other places has generally dropped by 20 ~ 40 m in the past 30 years, and over-exploitation is serious. At present, the degree of groundwater exploitation in Hebei Province has reached 1.28%, and the annual overexploitation is about 22.3×1.08m3. Since 1.975, the cumulative consumption of groundwater storage has exceeded 500× 1.08 m3: the degree of groundwater exploitation in Beijing is/kloc. The annual overexploitation is (1 Tianjin is poor in groundwater resources, the degree of exploitation reaches11%,and the annual overexploitation is nearly 7000× 104m3. The development and utilization of groundwater in Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and other provinces are also above 75%, and the groundwater in major cities is seriously over-exploited. Due to the continuous decline of deep groundwater level, the range of deep groundwater level below sea level in the whole region has reached 7.6732× 104km2, accounting for 55% of the total plain area. It will also cause seawater intrusion and soil salinization.