How to educate diabetic patients

Maintain a balanced diet; Eating regularly and quantitatively is helpful to stabilize blood sugar; Eat more foods with high starch content, such as porridge, flour, noodles, rice, bread, biscuits, etc. Moderate; Try to avoid foods with high sugar content; Sugar and seasoning: all kinds of white sugar, brown sugar, honey, sweet and sour sauce, oil and barbecued pork sauce. Desserts and drinks: such as sesame paste, sugar water, soft drinks, fruit juice drinks, sweetened milk tea and coffee. Chinese and Western style steamed buns and desserts: such as Milk King steamed buns, lotus seed steamed buns, barbecued pork buns, pineapple cake, cakes, egg tarts and cookies. Moderately eat vegetables, fruits, dried beans and oats and other foods with high water-soluble fiber; Fruit is rich in fructose, vitamins, cellulose, minerals and antioxidants, and can be eaten in moderation (for example, eat 2 capsules a day). Leafy vegetables, such as Chinese cabbage, Chinese cabbage, etc., are rich in cellulose, so you might as well eat more (such as eating more than six ounces a day). Potato, sweet potato, taro, lotus root and other root vegetables; Beans, such as green beans, plum beans and black beans, have high starch content. If it is used in vegetables, it is necessary to appropriately reduce the amount of grain eaten at the same meal. Tofu and glutinous rice are nutritious and can be used as main dishes or side dishes. Choose vegetable oils such as peanut oil and rapeseed oil, and avoid using animal fats such as lard and butter. Reduce eating fried and fatty foods; And more low-oil cooking methods such as steaming, stewing, simmering, roasting and baking. Or cook in an easy-to-clean wok. When cooking meat or poultry, it is advisable to remove fat paste and cortex first to reduce fat intake. Yam, lotus seed, coix seed and other medicinal materials contain high starch, so it is not suitable to enter soup in large quantities. Diabetic patients should not drink alcohol. Drinking alcohol has many effects on the metabolism of the body. For diabetics, the consequences of drinking alcohol are very serious. Among the patients who have implemented diet control for diabetes, 60% non-drinkers can see the improvement of blood sugar control, while 40% drinkers can only achieve it. Most of the patients who don't take diet therapy will get worse, and if drinking alcohol is added, the consequences will be more serious. The influence of drinking on diabetic patients is various, mainly in 1, hyperlipidemia; 2. Diabetes is difficult to control; 3, causing malnutrition; 4, hypoglycemia occurs; 5. The symptoms of hypoglycemia are sometimes similar to drunkenness, which is easy to be confused, thus delaying the rescue of hypoglycemia; 6. Causing diabetic symptomatic ketoacidosis; 7. Long-term drinking can cause alcoholic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and multiple organ damage, as well as alcohol dependence and addiction. 8. Reduce the effects of some hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering or antihypertensive drugs. Vegetables suitable for diabetic patients generally contain a lot of dietary fiber, which is beneficial to control diabetes after eating. When choosing varieties, it is advisable to choose vegetables containing carbohydrates and less calories. When eating a large amount, you should deduct the corresponding amount of staple food. Generally speaking, there are no strict restrictions on vegetables with low carbohydrate content. Every 500-700g of Yan staple food is about 25g. These vegetables include Chinese cabbage, rape, chicken feathers, spinach, celery, leek, potherb mustard, lettuce, zucchini, wax gourd, cucumber, tomato and so on. Appropriately limit vegetables with moderate carbohydrate content. Eat 200-400 grams each time, and eat 25 grams of Yan staple food. This kind of vegetables include Chinese cabbage, spinach, amaranth, loofah, water bamboo, winter bamboo shoots, white radish, carrots, green onions, onions, beans, green beans and so on. Vegetables with high carbon hydrate content should be strictly restricted, and the nutrients should be deducted from the staple food in detail. These vegetables include potatoes, taro, lotus root, garlic, peas and broad beans. Diabetes diet can be calculated as follows: based on height, taking into account age. Every diabetic is different in age, physique, activity and energy consumption. The older you get, the less energy you consume; The more you exercise, the more energy you consume. If you consume a lot of energy, you should eat more; Consume less energy and eat less appropriately. People who are thin can eat more; Fat people should eat less. In doing so, on the one hand, it takes into account the energy storage of the body, on the other hand, it also takes into account the needs of people's daily work and life. Weak patients have insufficient thermal energy reserves. If they engage in activities that consume too much energy, they must increase their food intake to ensure adequate energy supply. Compared with young people, the energy consumption of the elderly is greatly reduced. If you eat too much at this time, it will inevitably lead to an increase in blood sugar and even aggravate the condition. Under normal circumstances, the daily food consumption of diabetic patients is 1. Male with height greater than 175 cm, normal body shape or thin body. The daily consumption of food is: cereal 300g, beans 50g, vegetables 450g, fruit 100g, meat 100g, eggs 50g, milk 100g, fish 50g and oil 25g. 2. Obese men with a height of less than 175 cm, normal body shape or a height of more than 175 cm. The daily consumption of food is: cereal 250g, beans 50g, vegetables 400g, fruits 80g, meat 75g, eggs 40g, milk 100g, fish 50g and oil 25g. 3. Obese men or normal-sized women whose height is less than 175cm. The daily consumption of food is: cereal 230g, beans 50g, vegetables 350g, fruits 60g, meat 50g, eggs 38g, milk 100g, fish 50g and oil 25g. 4. Obese women. The daily consumption of food is: cereal 190g, beans 50g, vegetables 300g, fruits 50g, meat 50g, eggs 25g, milk 100g, fish 50g and oil 25g. Diabetes diet is actually very simple, don't take diabetes diet as a difficult thing. From a nutritional point of view, as long as we know the nutritional principles of scientific collocation and food production, sometimes it is easier to reduce the blood sugar production of food by being lazy-for example, don't carefully cultivate coarse grains, don't cut vegetables, don't grind whole beans ... These "tips" in eating habits can greatly reduce the blood sugar production of the body. In fact, in the final analysis, it all involves a newly introduced concept in the field of diabetes diet treatment: "food glycemic index". Leguminosae and milk are hypoglycemic foods. Dietary treatment of diabetes is one of the most basic and important treatments, and a reasonable diet can effectively control diabetes. In the past, we always used the food exchange method to guide diabetics how to choose food. Many doctors and diabetics have a certain understanding of this. This classical method has played an important role in sugar control, but only noticed that chemical carbohydrates and energy are equivalent, and did not consider the effects of different types of carbohydrates and other food ingredients on blood sugar, especially the exchange table did not reflect the differences of blood sugar reactions of different foods. Studies have shown that even foods containing the same amount of carbohydrates can lead to different blood sugar reactions. Therefore, experts put forward the concept of "food glycemic index" to help diabetic patients control their diet more effectively, which is more practical and effective than food exchange. What is "food glycemic index"? In fact, it is an effective index to measure the postprandial blood glucose response caused by food. It refers to the percentage value of blood sugar reaction level between food containing 50 grams of carbohydrates and food containing a considerable amount of glucose or white bread within a certain period of time (usually 2 hours). It is a comparative value, reflecting the speed and ability of food to raise blood sugar relative to glucose. Usually, the glycemic index of glucose is set to 100. Generally speaking, foods with glycemic index > 70 are foods with high glycemic index. After they enter the gastrointestinal tract, they digest quickly, have high absorption rate and release glucose quickly, and the peak value of glucose is high after entering the blood. Foods with a glycemic index less than 55 are foods with a low glycemic index. They have long residence time in gastrointestinal tract, low absorption rate and slow release of glucose. After glucose enters the blood, the peak value is low and the decline rate is slow. Prevention of Diabetes 2004-03- 19 15:00 Author: The primary prevention measures of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention are aimed at the general population, aiming at controlling various risk factors and reducing the incidence of diabetes, also known as primary prevention. The primary preventive measures include: 1. Health education. Population prevention of diabetes is etiological prevention. The most important measure is public health education to improve the whole society's understanding of the dangers of diabetes. Education targets are not only diabetic patients and their families, but also public education aimed at prevention, so that the whole society can raise awareness of the dangers of diabetes and change unhealthy lifestyles. 2. Prevention and control of obesity is a clear risk factor for diabetes. Obese people, especially those with high blood pressure and obesity, can reduce the incidence of diabetes by losing weight. Obese people should strictly limit the consumption of high-sugar and high-fat foods and eat more vegetables and fruits rich in cellulose and vitamins to prevent excessive energy intake. 3. Strengthen physical exercise and physical activities. Regular participation in appropriate physical activities can reduce weight and enhance cardiovascular function, thus preventing diabetes and its complications. 4. Advocating dietary balance Advocating dietary balance must first adjust the diet to avoid excessive energy intake. Complex carbohydrates can be used instead of easily absorbed carbohydrates. Dietary fiber is beneficial to control blood sugar and improve lipoprotein composition, so natural foods rich in fiber such as cereals, fruits and vegetables should be the first choice. Secondly, reduce the intake of saturated fatty acids. Serum cholesterol is a sign of high level of saturated fatty acids. People with positive family history of diabetes and high serum cholesterol should pay special attention to avoid taking too much saturated fatty acids. Advocate the dietary structure of low fat and high carbohydrate, carbohydrate can account for 50%-60% of total calories, and limit fat intake to less than 30% of total calories, in which the ratio of saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids is1:1. 5. Quit smoking and limit alcohol. Secondary prevention Secondary prevention is aimed at high-risk groups. Through regular screening, we can find, diagnose and treat diabetes as early as possible, and prevent and delay the occurrence and progress of diabetes and its complications. Secondary prevention emphasizes the monitoring and regular screening of high-risk groups of diabetes, so as to find, diagnose and treat them as soon as possible. The main measure is to screen people with diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in high-risk groups. Diabetes screening should not only find recessive diabetes and unnoticed dominant diabetes, but also find that IGT (impaired glucose tolerance) IGT is a transitional state between normal and diabetes, and its outcome is two-way, which can be transformed into diabetes and normal. Therefore, taking measures at this stage has important public and clinical significance. High-risk groups refer to: over 45 years old; Have a family history of positive diabetes; Obese person; Women with gestational diabetes; A woman who gave birth to a huge baby; Patients with hypertension; People with hyperlipidemia. For people over 45 years old, blood sugar should be tested every three years to achieve early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment. For obese or overweight people, it should be tested every 1-2 years. Tertiary prevention is a preventive measure for patients, emphasizing standardized treatment and disease management of diabetes. Through standardized treatment and management of diabetic patients, complications can be prevented and quality of life can be improved. Follow-up: First of all, thank this friend. All of the above are about diet, so what should we pay attention to in exercise and daily care? Answer: Nursing should monitor blood sugar, have a stable mood, exercise and diet. Specific steps 1 the calculation and arrangement of total calories during diet therapy can be calculated according to the following formula: at rest, 20 ~ 25 calories × standard weight; Light manual labor is 25 ~ 30kcal× standard weight; Moderate manual labor: 30 ~ 35 calories × standard weight; Heavy physical labor 40 ~ 45 calories × standard weight. The calculation formula of standard weight is: standard weight (kg)=[ height (cm)- 105]. First of all, we should calculate the required calories, and then adjust them according to the condition. Obese people (more than 20% of standard weight) should limit their daily calories to about 1000kcal. After calculating the total calories per day, it will be distributed according to the number of meals. If you eat three meals, four meals are 1/5, 2/5, 2/5, or 1/3, 1/3, or 1/7, 2/7. 2.2 Calculation of carbohydrate, protein and fat requirements After calculating the total daily calories, it is calculated according to the heat production of 4 kilocalories per gram of carbohydrate and protein and 9 kilocalories per gram of fat. 2.2. 1 carbohydrate (staple food) requirement According to the living habits of Chinese people, the rest patients are 200~250g a day, the light manual labor is 250~300g a day, the moderate manual labor is 300~400g a day, and the heavy manual labor is 400g a day, and the carbohydrate intake is generally calculated at 55-60%. 2.2.2 Requirement of protein Normal adults need 1.0 g protein per kilogram of standard weight per day. Diabetes patients need 20% more than healthy people because of their large consumption of protein, but the intake of protein should be limited when renal insufficiency occurs. 2.2.3 The requirement of fat is about 1.0g per kilogram of standard weight per day. Too much intake is bad for your health, and a lot of fat will produce ketone bodies. Subtract the calories provided by protein and carbohydrates from the total calories, and leave the calories to fat, which generally does not exceed 20%. According to the above calculation method, diabetic patients and their families can calculate by themselves. Type 3 complementary foods for diabetics Diabetes patients may feel hungry after limiting staple foods. In order to relieve hunger, the following vegetable foods can be added: cucumber, wax gourd, loofah, tomato, lentil, seafood and mushroom. If you add starch-rich vegetables such as potatoes, lotus roots and peas. You must reduce the amount of staple food. 4 Medicated Diet Nursing China traditional medicated diet has its unique features in preventing and treating diseases and prolonging life. Accumulated rich experience for thousands of years. We recommended the formula and preparation methods of raw porridge, astragalus porridge and yam porridge to patients, which played a good role in lowering blood sugar and nursing in clinic.