I. Variety Selection and Treatment
The quality of seeds is directly related to the integrity, neatness and Miao Zhuang of soybean seedlings. If you keep your own seeds, you must manually select large and full seeds without pests and diseases and impurities before sowing. If you buy seeds in a seed store, you should also buy large, full seeds without pests and diseases and impurities, and pay attention to whether the seed quality standard is marked on the package.
Select high-quality soybean varieties with high yield potential and good internal and external quality, such as Hefeng 35, Suinong 14, Heinong 33, Yudou 22, Ludou 1 1, Huangzhong 4, etc. The seed germination rate should be above 90% and the purity should be above 98%. Before sowing, carefully select seeds to eliminate diseases and impurities. At the same time, according to different soil environment and diseases and insect pests, choose the appropriate seed coating agent, and some seeds can also be dressed with micro-fertilizer, bacterial fertilizer, ABT rooting powder and so on. So as to enhance the seed vigor.
Second, farming and land preparation.
Rational farming, soil preparation and rotation soybean planting should adhere to reasonable rotation. The principle of soil preparation is subsoiling, and subsoiling rotary tillers are used in the main soybean producing areas in Northeast China to improve soil permeability and drought and waterlogging resistance, and the general tillage depth is about 20 cm. Ridge planting soybean soil preparation should be combined with ridging to make ridges and furrows deep and loose.
Third, ensure the emergence of soybeans
Water requirement during flowering, pod setting and filling. Before sowing, grasp soil moisture or establish soil moisture sowing. When the field water capacity is about 70%, or when the primary rainfall exceeds 10 mm, grasp the soil moisture and sow, otherwise it is necessary to build soil moisture and sow. For sowing with poor soil moisture and lack of seedlings in a large area, it is necessary to replant and replenish water in time. For sowing with plastic film water: soybean is a dicotyledonous plant, and plastic film water is easy to form hardening, which is not conducive to soybean emergence, and it is not suitable for forming strong seedlings if it is not cultivated in time after emergence. Generally speaking, it is not necessary to irrigate with mulch water. Only in sandy soil can it be used as a remedial measure for timely sowing. The blindfold water should not be poured too much, which is easy to form rotten seeds and not sprout. Soybean is at the peak of its life water demand. Drought will lead to pod loss and seed loss. Keep the field water capacity at 80% at flowering stage and at least 70% at filling stage. Timely watering during drought can ensure high grain yield. Drainage in time in case of waterlogging.
Fourth, mechanized precision sowing
Sowing began in late April to early May in the northeast spring soybean producing area, and plastic film soybeans can be sown in advance appropriately. In northeast China, soybean seeder is used for equidistant precision sowing, so that plants are evenly distributed, and the sowing depth is 3 ~ 5 cm. Ridge planting soybean adopts narrow row and close planting technology. Generally, two rows are planted in a small ridge of 60 cm, and four rows are planted in a large ridge of 90 ~ 105 cm, with a row spacing of about 12 cm. The density per mu is increased to 25 ~ 30,000 plants, and the yield is increased by 15 ~ 20%.
Five, scientific soil testing and formula fertilization
1, a scientific fertilization method combining soil testing and formula fertilization with layered fertilization is implemented. According to different soil fertility conditions and local natural climate conditions, the application time and dosage of chemical fertilizer are determined through experiments and calculations. Generally, layered deep application is adopted, that is, the base fertilizer is applied under the ridge 16 ~ 18 cm, and the dosage accounts for about 60% of the total fertilizer application; Seed fertilizer was applied 4 cm below the seeds, accounting for about 40% of the total fertilization; In addition, foliar spraying can be carried out according to the growth from flowering to flowering. In this way, the demand for fertilizer in different growth stages of soybean is met, and the utilization rate of fertilizer is improved.
2. Do a good job in chemical weeding and chemical control. In order to control weeds in soybean fields, acetochlor EC can be mixed with water according to the instructions before sowing to seal the soil. After the weeds are unearthed, the stems and leaves should be treated to prevent monocotyledonous weeds. After the weeds are completely caught or killed accurately, spray water according to the instructions, and apply weeds evenly at the stage of 2-4 leaves and 3-4 leaves of soybean. In August and September, for soybeans that are growing too vigorously, especially after rainfall, use multi-effect waiting in time, properly control vegetative growth, and prevent flowers and pods from falling off. Generally, paclobutrazol 10 ~ 15g is sprayed with water for 40 ~ 50kg to reduce the height and increase the pod setting per plant, thus achieving the purpose of lodging resistance and increasing production.
3. Scientific field management focuses on the prevention and control of soybean diseases and insect pests, mainly including cyst nematode, root rot, gray leaf spot, soybean moth, aphid and so on. Aphids are fumigated to reduce the use of pesticides. Root rot, cyst nematode disease, etc. It can be coated with seed coating agent according to local conditions, or it can be dressed with 50% Fumei or 50% Duofu mixture according to 0.4% of the seed amount.
Sixth, timely harvest.
The harvest period of soybean varies with the purpose of utilization, and green manure soybean is most suitable for ploughing into the soil at the peak of flowering; Green-fed soybeans can be harvested from flowering to pod setting, but it is best to harvest them when the seeds are semi-developed. Vegetable soybeans should be harvested when the pods are full; For seed soybean, when the leaves are basically bare, the stems and pods wither (black pods turn black), the seeds are dry, separated from the pods, the seeds are semi-hard, the original varieties are colored, and the plants are circled by hand, it is a suitable harvest time. Seed soybeans should be harvested in time when they are ripe. When harvesting soybeans, the hoe (knife) should be fast and the shovel (cutting) should be low, so as not to take the rhizobia away and cause nitrogen loss. When harvesting, bundle them into small bundles and transport them back to a ventilated place to dry.