I. Oral structure
The oral cavity is located in the lower part of the face, which is the beginning of the digestive tract. It is an organ for ingestion, chewing, swallowing, food and pronunciation. Its front end is bounded by lips, and its back end communicates with pharynx through pharynx and cheek. When the mouth is closed, the oral cavity can be divided into vestibule and inherent oral cavity. The part inside the lips outside the teeth is called the oral vestibule, and the part inside the teeth to the pharynx is called the inherent oral cavity.
All parts of the oral cavity cooperate with each other to fulfill their functions:
Teeth: It is an important organ in the mouth. Its main function is to chew food and assist pronunciation, which is closely related to maintaining the normal shape of the face.
Gum: The entire oral surface is covered by oral mucosa. The mucosa around the teeth is called gum (commonly known as tooth flesh), and the gum protruding between two adjacent teeth is called "gingival papilla".
Lips: Covered with skin, lined with mucosa, and composed of muscles, blood vessels and nerves in the middle. The oral lip is divided into upper lip and lower lip, and the two ends of the lip are squabbles. There is a vertical depression in the middle of the upper lip, which is called Renzhong. It is an important point in the middle of the upper 1/3, and is often used as the first aid point for treating coma patients. The boundary between the skin and mucosa of the lip is called the lip. The blood vessels in the red part of the lips are close to the mucosal surface and are normally cherry red. The change of red lips can often identify some diseases. For example, anemia patients, due to the reduction of hemoglobin in the blood, the red part of the lips becomes pale; Patients with pulmonary heart disease with circulatory failure, due to lack of oxygen in blood, the red part of the lips turns blue-purple.
Tongue: It is composed of lingual muscle and lingual mucosa covering its surface, and plays an important role in chewing, swallowing, taste and language functions. The upper part of the tongue is called the back of the tongue, and the lower part is called the belly of the tongue.
Cheeks: located on both sides of the mouth, composed of muscles. What is covered with skin is the face. Inside is the oral mucosa. There is adipose tissue between the muscles of the cheeks, and the fat accumulates more, making people's faces plump; If you lose fat, your face will look thin.
Maxillary: commonly known as ceiling. In the early stage, 2/3 of submucosa is a bone plate, so it is called hard palate; The posterior part 1/3 is mucous membrane and muscle, which can move and is called soft palate. There is a downward protrusion in the center of the back of the soft palate, called uvula, commonly known as uvula. Patients with acute pharyngitis may have uvula drooping due to edema.
Second, oral hygiene.
According to the World Health Organization, dental health means that there is no abnormal structure and function in dental street, periodontal tissue, adjacent parts of oral cavity and maxillofacial region. The symptoms are: clean teeth, no dental caries, no pain, normal gum color and no bleeding.
Teenagers are in an important period of oral health care. From the age of 6, permanent teeth erupt continuously, and deciduous teeth fall off in turn, forming a mixed dentition stage of deciduous teeth and permanent teeth, until all permanent teeth erupt at the age of 12, which is an important period for the development and growth of children's jaws and dental arches. This period is also a period of high incidence of dental caries, gingivitis and dentofacial deformities. So, how to achieve oral hygiene in adolescence?
First, rinse your mouth, especially after meals. Gargling can remove food residue and some soft dirt, but it can't remove dental plaque.
Secondly, brushing your teeth in the morning and evening can not only remove dirt and food residue from your teeth, but also massage your gums, promote blood circulation and enhance tissue resistance. Brushing your teeth once can remove 60% microorganisms. During the day, when we brush our teeth, rinse our mouths, drink water and eat, most microorganisms are excreted or killed by gastric acid. At night, people are in a quiet state, and microorganisms are easy to multiply, so brushing your teeth at night is particularly important.
Finally, check regularly and clean your teeth regularly.
Third, dental caries.
According to the second national oral epidemiological survey, the caries rate of children aged 12 in China is 45.8%; The prevalence rate of dental caries in 15 years old population was 52.3%. /kloc-the caries rate of young people aged 0/8 was 55.3%. It can be seen that dental caries are the natural enemies of adolescent oral health care.
1. Formation of dental caries
Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or tooth decay, is caused by the long-term erosion of dental plaque in the mouth and the defects of the teeth themselves. The main factor influencing that formation of dental cary are:
(1) bacteria: dental plaque is an important environment for bacteria to produce dental caries.
(2) Food: Eating rough food is not easy to produce rich dental plaque and accumulate more acid, so it is not easy to form dental caries conditions. However, the content of sucrose in refined food is more than that in rough food, and sugar enters dental plaque, and pathogenic bacteria in dental plaque ferment sugar to form various acids, which stay on the tooth surface for a long time, causing tooth hard tissue to dissolve and destroy, resulting in dental caries.
(3) Host: Host refers to the susceptibility to dental caries. The sensitivity of the host to dental caries involves many factors, such as the flow rate, flow rate and composition of saliva, the shape and structure of teeth and the general condition of the body. Teeth are irregularly arranged, and crowded and overlapping places are prone to dental caries. Saliva can clean teeth, and some components in saliva can inhibit dental caries and periodontal disease. Others, such as heredity, nutrition, minerals and endocrine, also have certain effects on the host's caries prevention ability.
2. Prevention of dental caries
Teenagers under (1) 15 should pay attention to reasonable nutrition and eat more foods containing calcium, phosphorus and vitamins.
(2) Proper selection of coarse grains and foods containing fiber in the diet can make the tooth surface get good friction effect and promote tooth surface cleaning, thus forming good conditions for caries prevention.
(3) Effective brushing can remove dental plaque adsorbed on the surface of teeth, and play a role in cleaning teeth and preventing glossy caries and periodontal disease.
(4) Eat less snacks and sweets, especially don't eat sweets, cakes and other snacks before going to bed.
(5) timely application of pit and fissure sealing technology. Pit and fissure sealing is to seal the pit and fissure points on the surface of newly erupted permanent teeth with polymer materials, which can prevent food residues and bacteria from accumulating in the pit and fissure, thus preventing pit and fissure caries. The best closing age is 6 ~ 7 years old and 9 ~ 12 years old.
(6) Appropriate application of fluoride. Such as fluoride toothpaste, tooth surface fluoride varnish, etc.
Health guide
Do you brush your teeth correctly?
Brushing your teeth is the main way to keep your mouth clean. Take a look. Is your brushing method correct?
1. The toothbrush should be a healthy toothbrush, characterized by small brush head, flexible application in oral cavity, soft bristles, and the bristle density should meet the hygiene standards.
2. Toothpaste should be fluoride toothpaste containing high-quality friction agent, and people with oral diseases can use Chinese herbal medicine ointment.
3. Brushing method: The most recommended brushing method in the world is a bath brush, supplemented by rotation. Bathing is also called gingival sulcus cleaning. When in use, the bristles form a 45-degree angle with the tooth surface, and the bristles are close to the gum toward the root tip and extend into the gingival sulcus, and the bristles vibrate slightly in the gingival sulcus. The rotation method, also known as the up-and-down brushing method, can make the bristles parallel to the long axis of the teeth and close to the tooth surface, and rotate with a gentle brushing action. The long axis of the toothbrush and bristles forms an angle of 45 from the gum to the cutting end or occlusal surface, and the occlusal surface can be brushed back and forth instead of being sawed horizontally.
4. Brushing time: not less than 3 minutes each time, twice a day in the morning and evening. Especially brush your teeth at night and don't eat after brushing your teeth at night.