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Computer overclocking is to artificially increase the working frequency of CPU, graphics card and other hardware to make it work stably above its rated frequency. Take the CPU of Intel P4C 2.4GHz as an example. Its rated working frequency is 2.4GHz. If the working frequency is raised to 2.6GHz, the system can still run stably, so the overclocking is successful.
The main purpose of CPU overclocking is to improve the working frequency of CPU, that is, the main frequency of CPU. The main frequency of CPU is the product of external frequency and frequency doubling. For example, the external frequency of a CPU is 100MHz, and the frequency multiplication is 8.5. You can calculate its main frequency = external frequency × frequency doubling = 100 MHz × 8.5 = 850 MHz.
Improving the main frequency of CPU can be achieved by changing the frequency doubling or external frequency of CPU. However, if you use IntelCPU, you can ignore the frequency doubling as much as possible, because Intel CPU adopts special manufacturing technology to prevent the modification of frequency doubling. AMD's CPU can modify the frequency doubling, but the improvement of CPU performance by modifying the frequency doubling is not as good as the external frequency.
The speed of external frequency is usually closely related to the speed of front-end bus and memory. So when you increase the CPU external frequency, the performance of CPU, system and memory is also improved.
There are two main ways to overclock CPU:
One is hardware setting, and the other is software setting. Hardware settings are commonly used, including jumper settings and BIOS settings.
1. Jumper set overclocking.
Most of the early motherboards used jumpers or DIP switches to overclock. Near these jumpers and DIP switches, tables are often printed on the motherboard to record the functions defined by the combination of jumpers and DIP switches. When it is turned off, you can set it according to the frequency in the table. After the restart, if the computer starts normally and can run stably, it means that we have succeeded in overclocking.
For example, an Intel 845D chipset motherboard using Celeron 1.7GHz uses jumper overclocking. Under the inductance coil, we can see the description table of jumper. When the jumper is set to 1-2 mode, the external frequency is 100MHz, and when it is changed to 2-3 mode, the external frequency is raised to 133MHz. The default external frequency of Celeron 1.7GHz is 100MHz. If we upgrade the external frequency to 133MHz, the original Celeron 1.7GHz will be overclocked to 2.2GHz, isn't it very simple?
Another VIA KT266 chipset motherboard used in conjunction with AMD CPU uses the DIP switch setting method to set the frequency doubling of CPU. AMD's frequency doubling is mostly frequency-unlocked, and it can be overclocked by modifying the frequency doubling. This is a five-group DIP switch, which can be combined into more than ten modes through different on-off states of serial number switches. An explanatory table is printed on the upper right of the DIP switch, explaining the changes of different frequencies brought by the DIP switch in different combination modes.
For example, if we overclock an AMD 1800+, we must first know that the main frequency of Athlon XP 1800+ is equal to 133MHz external frequency × 1 1.5 times. As long as we increase the frequency doubling to 12.5, the CPU frequency will become133mhz×12.5 ≈1.6ghz, which is equivalent to Athlon XP 2000+. If we increase the frequency doubling to 13.5, the CPU frequency becomes 1.8GHz, which makes the overclocking of Athlon XP 1800+ Athlon XP2200+. Simple operations will greatly improve performance, which is very interesting.
2.BIOS setting overclocking
At present, mainstream motherboards basically abandon jumper settings and DIP switch settings to change CPU frequency doubling or external frequency, but use more convenient BIOS settings.
For example, Abit's SoftMenu III and EPOX's PowerBIOS belong to BIOS overclocking mode, and CPU frequency doubling and external frequency can be set in CPU parameter settings. If the computer can't start normally after overclocking, as long as it is turned off and restarted by pressing INS or HOME key, the computer will automatically return to the default working state of CPU, so overclocking in BIOS is better.
In this paper, the combination scheme of upgrading NF7 motherboard and Athlon XP 1800+ CPU is adopted to realize this overclocking practice. At present, there are two main brands of BIOS on the market, one is Phoenix Award BIOS and the other is AMI BIOS. Take the Award BIOS as an example.
First, start the computer and press the DEL key to enter the BIOS setup interface of the motherboard. Select the soft menu III setting from the BIOS, which is to upgrade the overclocking function of the motherboard.
After entering this function, we can see that the system automatically recognizes the CPU as 1800+. We need to enter here and change the default recognized model to user-defined mode. After setting to manual mode, the external frequency and frequency doubling of CPU (not optional when it is grayed out) are now optional.
If you need to use boost external frequency overclocking, just press enter here. External clock: 133 MHz. There are many external frequencies to adjust. You can adjust it to the frequency option of 150MHz or higher. Because increasing the external frequency will increase the system bus frequency and affect the stability of other devices, the method of locking PCI frequency must be adopted.
The frequency doubling factor is the place to adjust the frequency doubling of CPU. Enter the option area, and you can choose frequency doubling according to the actual situation of CPU, such as 12.5, 13.5 or higher.
Novice: If the system can't start normally or work unsteadily after CPU overclocking, I heard that it can be solved by increasing the core voltage of CPU. Is this reasonable?
Meng: Yes. Because after CPU overclocking, power consumption will also increase. If the power supply current remains unchanged, some CPU will not work normally and stably due to insufficient power consumption. After increasing the voltage, the CPU gets more power, which makes overclocking more successful and stable.
The core voltage of CPU can be set and adjusted in BIOS (as shown in Figure 7). In general, you can choose the default status. If the system is unstable after CPU overclocking, you can add voltage to the CPU core. However, the side effects of voltage application are very great. First, the heating value of CPU will increase. Secondly, if the voltage is too high, it is easy to burn out the CPU. Therefore, we must be careful when applying voltage. Generally, it can be applied in steps of 0.025V, 0.05V or 0.1V. ..
3. Overclocking with software.
As the name implies, it is overclocking through software. This kind of overclocking is relatively simple, and its characteristic is that the computer will resume the set frequency after shutdown or restart. If the novice is afraid of realizing hardware overclocking at one time, you can test the overclocking effect with software overclocking first. The most common overclocking software includes SoftFSB and software developed by various motherboard manufacturers. Their principles are similar, and they all achieve the purpose of overclocking by controlling the frequency of the clock generator.
SoftFSB is a general software, which can support dozens of clock generators. As long as you choose the model of the clock generator used on the motherboard, click GET FSB to get the control of the clock generator, and then you can set the overclocking through the frequency bar. After selection, press Save to let the CPU start working at the newly set frequency. However, the disadvantage of software overclocking is that when the frequency you set is unbearable for the CPU, it will cause a crash or system crash at the moment you click Save.
CPU overclocking secret:
1.CPU overclocking is related to the "constitution" of the CPU itself.
Many friends say that their CPU is still unstable after overclocking, which is the "physique" problem. For the same type of CPU, there are different output overruns in different cycles, which can be reflected in the processor number.
2. The CPU with low frequency doubling is so good.
As we all know, improving the external frequency of CPU is faster than improving the frequency doubling performance of CPU. If it is a CPU without frequency locking, experts will use the method of increasing external frequency and reducing frequency doubling to achieve better results, and draw the conclusion that the CPU with low frequency doubling has inherent advantages. For example, overclocking athletes AMD Athlon XP1700+1800+and Intel Celeron 2.0GHz.
The more advanced the manufacturing process, the better.
The more advanced the CPU, the higher the frequency when overclocking. For example, Intel's new Celeron D processor, which has won wide attention, uses 90 nm manufacturing technology and Prescott core. Some netizens have surpassed a Celeron D from 2.53GHz to 4.4GHz.
4. Temperature has a decisive influence on overclocking.
As we all know, the temperature of CPU will increase greatly after overclocking, so it is necessary to equip with a good cooling system. This refers not only to CPU fans, but also to chassis fans. In addition, it is also important to coat a thin layer of silicone grease on the CPU core, which can help the CPU to dissipate heat well.
5. Motherboard is a sharp weapon for overclocking.
A motherboard that can support overclocking well generally has the following advantages: (1) supports high external frequency. (2) Have a good power supply system. For example, a motherboard powered by three phases or a motherboard powered by a single CPU. (3) Motherboard with special protection. If the power supply can be cut off immediately when the CPU fan stops running, some motherboards call it "burning deathless technology". (4) Motherboard with special overclocking setting in 4)BIOS. (5) Excellent workmanship, preferably 6-layer PCB.
Nine possibilities of high CPU occupancy?
1, antivirus software causes failure?
As the new versions of KV, Jinshan and Rising all add random monitoring of web pages, plug-ins and emails, the system burden will undoubtedly increase. Treatment: There is basically no reasonable treatment. Use as few monitoring services as possible, or upgrade your hardware. ?
2. The driver is not certified, resulting in CPU resource occupation 100%?
The proliferation of a large number of beta drivers on the Internet has caused failures that are difficult to find. Handling: Pay special attention to the driver of the graphics card. It is recommended to use drivers certified by Microsoft or officially released, and strictly check the model and version. ?
3, caused by viruses and Trojans?
A large number of worms replicate rapidly in the system, resulting in high CPU utilization. Solution: Clean the system memory and local hard disk thoroughly with reliable antivirus software, and open the system setup software to see if there is any abnormal startup program. Update and upgrade anti-virus software and firewall regularly, strengthen anti-virus awareness and master correct anti-virus knowledge. ?
4. Click the right mouse button on the control panel-Management Tools-Services-Rising Real-time Monitoring Service to change it to manual. ?
5. Start-> ; Run-> ; msconfig-& gt； ; Start, close unnecessary startup items, and restart. ?
6. Check the "svchost" process. ?
Svchost.exe is the core process of Windows XP system. Svchost.exe not only appears in Windows XP, but also exists in Windows systems using NT kernel. Generally, in Windows 2000, the number of svchost.exe processes is 2, while in Windows XP, the number of svchost.exe processes rises to 4 or more. ?
7. Check the network connection. Mainly network cards. ?
8. Check the network connection?
When a computer with Windows XP installed as a server receives a connection request on port 445, it will allocate memory and a small amount of CPU resources to serve these connections. When the load is too heavy, the CPU utilization may be too high, because there is an inherent trade-off between the number of work items and the responsiveness. You need to determine the appropriate MaxWorkItems settings to improve the system responsiveness. If the setting value is incorrect, the response of the server may be affected, or the user monopolizes too many system resources. ?
To solve this problem, we can solve it by modifying the registry: expand the branch of [HKEY _ local _ machine \ system \ current control set \ service \ lanmanserver] in the registry editor, and create a new DWORD value named "maxworkitems" in the right window. Then double-click the value, type the following value in the window that opens and save it to exit:?
If the memory of the computer exceeds 5 12MB, please type "1024"; If the computer memory is less than 5 12 MB, please type "256". ?
9. See if Windows XP causes CPU utilization 100% with the right mouse button?
Not long ago, it was reported that using the right mouse button in the resource manager would lead to 100% CPU resource occupation. Let's see what is going on. ?
Signs:?
When you right-click a directory or file in Explorer, you may encounter the following problems:?
At that time, any file copying operation may stop.
Will the network connection speed be significantly reduced?
All streaming input/output operations, such as listening to music with Windows Media Player, may lead to music distortion:?
When you right-click a file or directory in the Explorer to display the shortcut menu, the CPU utilization will increase to 100%, and when you close the shortcut menu, it will return to the normal level. ?
Solution:?
Method 1: Turn off "Use Transition Effects for Menus and Tooltips"?
1. Click Start-Control Panel?
2. Double-click Display in Control Panel?
3. Click the Appearance tab in the Display property.
4. Click "Effect" in the "Appearance" tab?
5. In the Effects dialog box, clear the check box before Use transitional effects for menus and tooltips, and click the OK button twice. ?
Method 2: When clicking a file or directory with the right mouse button, first select your target file or directory with the left mouse button. Then use the right mouse button to pop up the shortcut menu. ?
Under normal circumstances, if the CPU accounts for 100%, our computer will always slow down. In many cases, we can solve it without asking those prawns. ?
When the machine slows down, the first thing we think of is of course the task manager. Let's see which program accounts for a large proportion. If it's a big show, you can forgive it. After closing the program, as long as the CPU is normal, there is no problem. If not, then you need to see what program it is. When you can't find out what this process is, go to google or Baidu to search. Sometimes it's no use just finishing. Under xp, we can merge the startup items in msconfig and close some unused items. You can go to the next winpatrol in 2000. ?
Some commonly used software, such as browser, takes up a lot of CPU, so it is necessary to upgrade the software or simply replace it with other similar software. Sometimes software and systems are a bit incompatible. Of course, we can try the compatibility items given to us under xp system, and right click. Exe file to select compatibility. ?
Svchost.exe is sometimes a headache. When you see that your svchost.exe takes up a lot of CPU, you can go to the next aports or fport to check its corresponding program path, that is, something is using this svchost.exe. If it is not under c:\Windows\system32(xp) or c:\winnt\ system32(2000), it is suspicious. Upgrade antivirus software to kill virus. ?
Right-clicking the file will lead to 100% CPU utilization, and we will also encounter this situation. Sometimes right-clicking and pausing can be the problem. Official explanation: first click the left button to choose, and then click the right button (I don't quite understand). Unofficial: Cancel "Use the following excessive effects for menus and tooltips" by right-clicking Desktop-Properties-Appearance-Effects. There are also some anti-virus software that will affect file monitoring, and file monitoring of anti-virus software can be turned off; The same is true for monitoring web pages, plug-ins and emails. ?
This phenomenon may sometimes appear in some drivers. It is best to choose a driver certified by Microsoft or officially released. Sometimes the driver can be upgraded appropriately, but remember that the latest one is not the best. ?
CPU cooling software, because the software will use all the CPU idle time to cool down when running, but Windows can't distinguish the difference between ordinary CPU occupation and cooling instructions of cooling software, so the CPU always displays 100%, so don't worry about this, and it won't affect the normal operation of the system. ?
When dealing with large word files, the CPU will be very tired because of the spelling and grammar check of word. Just open the word-Options- Spelling and Grammar tool and check "Check Spelling and Grammar". ?
After clicking the avi video file, the CPU utilization rate is high because the system has to scan the file first, check all parts of the file and establish an index. Solution: Right-click the folder where the video file is saved-Properties-General-Advanced, and uncheck the box that allows the indexing service to index the folder for quick search.
The part of a computer that performs various arithmetic and logical operations. The basic operations of an arithmetic unit include four operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, logical operations such as AND, OR, NOR and XOR, and operations such as shift, comparison and transmission, which are also called arithmetic logic unit (ALU). When the computer is running, the operation and operation type of the arithmetic unit are determined by the controller. The data processed by the arithmetic unit comes from the memory; The processed result data is usually sent back to the memory or temporarily stored in the arithmetic unit.
The processing object of data operation unit is data, so the data length and computer data representation method have great influence on the performance of operation unit. In 1970s, microprocessors usually used 1, 4, 8 and 16 binary bits as the basic units for processing data. Most general-purpose computers use 16, 32 and 64 bits as the length of data processing. Operators that can handle all data bits at the same time are called parallel operators. If only one bit is processed at a time, it is called a serial operator. Some operators can handle several bits at a time (usually 6 or 8 bits), and a complete data is divided into several segments for calculation. This is called a string. Parallel operation unit. Arithmetic units usually only process data of one length. Some can also handle data of several different lengths, such as half-word length operation, double-word length operation and four-word length operation. Some data lengths can be specified in the operation process, which is called variable word length operation.
According to different data representations, there can be binary operators, decimal operators, hexadecimal operators, fixed-point integer operators, fixed-point decimal operators, floating-point operators and so on. According to the nature of data, there are address operators and character operators.
How many kinds of operations and operation speeds an operator can perform shows the strength of the operator's ability, even the computer's own ability. The most basic operation of arithmetic unit is addition. Adding a number to zero is equivalent to simply passing the number. Adding the code complement of one number to another number is equivalent to subtracting the previous number from the latter number. Subtract two numbers to compare their sizes.
Left-right shift is the basic operation of arithmetic unit. In signed numbers, the sign does not move, but only the data bits, which is called arithmetic shift. If all bits of data and symbols move together, this is called a logical shift. If the most significant bit of data is connected with least significant bit for logical shift, it is called cyclic shift.
The logical operation of the operator can AND, or and XOR two data bit by bit, and negate each bit of a data. Some operators can also perform the 16 logical operation of binary code.
Multiplication and division operations are complicated. Many computer arithmetic units can directly perform these operations. Multiplication is based on addition. One or several bits of the multiplier are decoded to generate partial products, and the partial products are added to obtain products. The division rule is often based on multiplication, that is, several factors are selected and multiplied by the divisor to make it approximate to 1, and these factors are multiplied by the dividend to get the quotient. Computers without hardware for multiplication and division can realize multiplication and division with programs, but the speed is much slower. Some operators can also perform complex operations, such as finding the largest number in a batch, performing the same operation on a batch of data continuously, and finding the square root.
Operation method to realize the operator's operation, especially the four operations, we must choose a reasonable operation method. It directly affects the performance of operators, as well as the structure and cost of operators. In addition, in numerical calculation, the significant bit of the result may be long, and a significant bit must be intercepted, which leads to the rounding problem of least significant bit. The rounding rule selected will also affect the accuracy of the calculation results.
Structure arithmetic unit includes three parts: register, execution part and control circuit.
There are three registers in a typical arithmetic unit: a receiving register for receiving and storing operands; An accumulation register for storing another operand and an operation result; A multiplier and quotient register that holds a multiplier or quotient when performing multiplication and Divison. The executive part includes adder and various types of input and output gate circuits. The control circuit sends out different control signals according to a certain time sequence, so that the data can enter the register or adder through the corresponding gate circuit to complete the specified operation.
In order to reduce the access to memory, many computer operators have more registers to store the intermediate calculation results, so that they can be directly used as operands in later operations.
In order to improve the operation speed, some large computers have multiple operation units. They can be different types of operators, such as fixed-point adder, floating-point adder, multiplier and so on. Or they can be operators of the same type.
potato
It consists of arithmetic logic unit (ALU), accumulation register, data buffer register and status condition register, and is a data processing component. Compared with the controller, the arithmetic unit acts on the command of the controller, that is, all the operations carried out by the arithmetic unit are directed by the control signal sent by the controller, so it is an executive component.
Main functions:
Perform all arithmetic operations; ?
Perform all logical operations and perform logical tests, such as zero value test or comparison of two values.
Arithmetic unit: it is a component that performs operations, and its main functions are arithmetic operations and logical operations.
controller
controller
An instrument or a set of equipment that generates control information according to a predetermined purpose. Automatic control system is the core part of control. The controller receives the measurement signal from the controlled object in the closed-loop control system, and generates the control signal to push the actuator to work according to certain control rules, thus completing the closed-loop control, which is called regulator. The controller used in the open-loop control system is called sequential controller, which pushes the actuator to realize open-loop control according to the predetermined time sequence or logical condition sequence. According to the signal form used, the controller is divided into analog regulator and digital controller. Digital controllers are divided into sequential controllers and digital regulators. People also call the manual control mechanism a controller. The application of the controller is not limited to the production process, but also widely used in daily life, such as the time switch of neon lights, the timer of washing machines and electric fans. , all belong to the sequence controller.
controller
It consists of a program counter, an instruction register, an instruction decoder, a timing generator and an operation controller. It is the "decision-making body" that issues orders, that is, it coordinates and directs the operation of the whole computer system.
Main functions:
Fetch an instruction from memory and indicate that location of the next instruction in memory.
Decoding or testing instructions and generating corresponding operation control signals to start specified actions;
Command and control the direction of data flow among CPU, memory and input/output devices.
Controller: it is the nerve center of the computer, and sends out control information according to the given command, so that the whole computer instruction execution process can be carried out step by step.