Cardiopulmonary resuscitation:
If the heart stops beating, if the initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation is performed within 4 minutes, professionals will further save the heart within 8 minutes, and the possibility of coming back to life is the greatest, so time is life and speed is the key. Initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is based on activity-based costing. ?
A: Open airway B: Mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration C: Artificial circulation?
A open the airway?
& lt Shake up the patient and ask loudly. Pinch the acupoints with your nails for about five seconds. If there is no response, it means losing consciousness. At this point, the patient should lie flat, unbutton his neck, and pay attention to removing foreign bodies from his mouth, so that the patient can raise his head and lift his chin, and his ears are close to his nose and mouth. If there is no airflow or chest fluctuation, it means he is not breathing. ?
B mouth-to-mouth resuscitation?
On the premise of keeping the patient's head up and chin up, the rescuer should close the patient's nostrils, wrap the patient's mouth with a double lip seal, and blow hard twice. At the same time, observe the patient's chest with the corner of his eye. If the operation is correct, he should be able to see the chest ups and downs and feel the airflow escape. ?
Every blowing interval is 1.5 seconds. At this point, the rescuer should take a deep breath and continue mouth-to-mouth breathing until the professional rescuer arrives. ?
C artificial circulation?
The simplest and most reliable way to check whether the heart is beating is the carotid artery. The rescuer puts 2-3 fingers between the patient's trachea and neck muscles and gently presses them for at least 10 second. ?
If the patient's heart stops, the rescuer should make a fist, fist eye up, and punch the patient's middle and lower sternum quickly and forcefully. This may make the patient's heart beat again. If you don't succeed at one time, you can deduct it again according to the above requirements. ?
If the heart can't beat any more, you should press the chest to let the blood flow in the heart and big blood vessels. So as to maintain that minimum blood requirement of major organs such as the heart and brain. ?
Key points of chest compression:?
1. The patient's head and chest are at the same level, and it is best to lie on a hard surface. ?
2. Pressing position: the joint of the middle and lower third of the sternum. ?
3. Press down 3.5-4.5 cm. When pressing, fingers should not be pressed on the chest wall to avoid rib fracture. Keep your hands on your chest when lifting, avoid displacement, and press vertically to avoid pressure dispersion. ?
4. The pressing time is equal to the relaxation time, and the force is even. Press 80- 100 times per minute until the heartbeat recovers. ?
5. Artificial respiration and chest compressions should be performed alternately at the same time. Compression and breathing ratio: single person 15: 2 double person 5: 1. ?
6. The artificial circulation time depends on the patient's age and physical condition, but for patients with electric shock, drowning and gas poisoning, the pressing time is slightly longer. ?
In daily life, when we do physical exercise, some parts of the body are often damaged by some factors. In the face of sudden injury, people who don't know how to deal with it are often at a loss. The following common injuries come from our lives. I hope you can master these basic treatment methods in case you or your friends get hurt in the future.
First, the treatment of muscle strain:
Muscle strain is an injury caused by sharp contraction or excessive stretching of muscles during exercise. This is easy to happen in long legs, pull-ups and sit-ups. After muscle strain, there is a sharp pain at the strain site, and the rope-like lump formed by muscle tension can be felt by hand, with obvious tenderness, local swelling or subcutaneous bleeding, and the activity is obviously limited.
Cold treatment should be carried out immediately after muscle strain-rinse the local area with cold water or apply ice with towel, and then bandage the injured area to prevent swelling. While relaxing the muscles of the injured part and raising the injured limb, you can take some drugs to relieve pain and stop bleeding. Take off the bandage after 24 to 48 hours. According to the injury, a plaster for promoting blood circulation and detumescence can be applied externally, and the affected area can be massaged by appropriate hot compress or light manipulation.
Those with severe muscle strain, such as muscle abdomen or tendon rupture, should hurry to the hospital for surgical suture.
Second, the treatment of joint ligament sprain during exercise:
Joint ligament injury is also a common injury in Wushu. Its frequent parts are: neck sprain; Acute lumbar sprain; Main parts such as lateral collateral ligament sprain and joint sprain of knee joint.
Joint ligament sprain is mainly due to: (1) incorrect posture during exercise; (2) local joints are overexertion; (3) The method of landing in the air is wrong; (4) The equipment and site do not meet the requirements. For example, many neck sprains and acute lumbar sprains are caused by incorrect posture. If the fish jumps forward and rolls, if the posture is incorrect, it is easy to cause neck sprain.
Immediately after injury, apply pressure with bandages (except neck and waist). Before dressing, put a thick cotton pad on the injured side, and then dress the injured joint to ensure that the injured ligament is in a relaxed state. After the above treatment, the injured limb is raised to achieve the purpose of hemostasis and braking. After 24 hours, if there is no trend of swelling and bleeding, you can massage around the wound. After two days, I began to do local massage and hot compress. Neck and waist sprain can be cured by hot compress and light exercise. Severe cases can be treated by the following methods. (1) Massage, starting with partial touch. Gradually increase the area, massage, combined with acupoint selection for treatment, the effect is better. (2) Acupuncture can also be used for stimulation therapy.
Third, the treatment of convulsions:
Cramp is called "muscle spasm" in sports physiology, which means that muscles contract involuntarily. In physical exercise, the muscle that is most prone to spasm is the calf gastrocnemius. The main reasons are:
(1) Excessive salt loss in the body. During strenuous exercise, the body loses too much salt due to excessive sweating, which breaks the electrolytic balance in the body. Because the content of sodium chloride in the body is too low, the excitability of muscles and nerves increases and muscle spasms occur.
(2) Dysfunction of muscle contraction and relaxation. In the process of exercise, due to the rapid and continuous contraction of muscles, the relaxation time is too short, which destroys the coordinated relationship between muscle contraction and relaxation alternately and causes muscle spasm. This kind of contraction is strong, and spasms that inhibit relaxation are more likely to occur when muscles are tired.
(3) Cold stimulation. When doing sports activities in a cold environment, if there is no sufficient preparation, the muscles will be stimulated by the cold, which will often cause muscle spasms.
When muscle spasms, local muscles are hard or swollen, and the pain is severe, which is not easy to relieve for a while. After some relief, they still feel uncomfortable and tend to twitch again.
When muscle spasm occurs, the spasmodic muscles can be relaxed and the pain can be eliminated by slowly exerting force and continuously pulling. When the calf cramps, you can lie flat on the ground, grab the forefoot with the other hand, straighten the knee joint and pull hard; You can also lie on your back or supine, straighten your knees, hold your feet against your abdomen with your partner's hands, lean forward with moderate force, push your instep back slowly with your partner's hands, and push, knead and pinch calf muscles at the same time, which can relieve spasm.
Four, the treatment of joint dislocation during exercise:
Joint dislocation refers to the loss of normal connection between articular surfaces. According to the dislocation of articular surface, it can be divided into total dislocation and subluxation. At the same time, joint dislocation is often accompanied by joint capsule, peripheral ligament and soft tissue injuries, and even nerve and blood vessel injuries. After joint dislocation, there will be local pain, swelling, tenderness and other symptoms, and the joint can not move at all; Deformities such as changes in limb axis and limb length occur; Under X-ray, the specific situation of dislocation and the occurrence of fracture can be diagnosed.
At the scene of the injury, people who have no experience in joint dislocation reduction should not start work at will to avoid aggravating the injury. When dislocation has formed, splint and bandage should be used to temporarily fix the injured limb, and then the injured limb should be sent to a hospital or an experienced doctor for treatment.
(1) The temporary fixation method of shoulder dislocation is: use two long towels or cloth belts, one wraps the forearm of the affected limb and hangs it around the neck, and the other fixes the affected limb on the chest wall and ties a knot under the healthy side.
(2) When the elbow joint is dislocated, if there is no suitable splint, the thick iron wire can be bent into a long ring, and then a bandage or towel is wound around the ring to make an iron wire splint, and then the iron wire splint is bent into a suitable angle, and the affected limb is fixed on the splint with a bandage, and the forearm is lifted with a cloth belt. If there is no steel splint, you can also hang the injured limb on your chest with a wide cloth belt.
Five, the treatment of fracture during exercise:
Fracture is a serious injury in sports. Fracture can be divided into complete fracture (two complete fractures of bone, such as transverse fracture and spiral fracture) and incomplete fracture (incomplete fracture of bone, such as fissure fracture and willow branch fracture).
The causes of fracture during exercise: First, direct violence, such as kicking the calf while playing football, causing tibial fracture and kneeling on the ground, causing patella fracture. The second kind is indirect violence, such as supracondylar fracture of humerus, fibula fracture caused by varus sprain of condyle joint, clavicle fracture caused by goalkeeper's saving the ball and falling. The third is caused by strong muscle contraction. For example, when lifting weights, the barbell suddenly turns the wrist, and the forearm flexor is attached to the medial epicondyle of the humerus, which can be caused by sudden muscle contraction; Improper posture of throwing grenades resulted in fracture of ulna and radius.
Symptoms after fracture are generally serious, mainly as follows:
(1) Pain is caused by periosteum tearing and muscle spasm, especially during exercise, which may even cause shock.
(2) Swelling and subcutaneous blood stasis are caused by blood vessel rupture, subperiosteal hemorrhage and surrounding soft tissue injury.
(3) After functional fracture, the limb loses its lever and support, and loses its original function. Coupled with severe pain and muscle spasms, most limbs can't move or walk.
(4) Deformity and pseudarthrosis. Due to the displacement and overlap of fracture ends, the injured limb is deformed, resulting in shortening, angulation or rotation deformity. Pseudojoint can appear in the place where the fracture is completely broken, and it will produce fracture friction sound when exercising.
(5) Tenderness and shock pain There is obvious tenderness at the broken end of the fracture. When you tap lightly away from the fracture, shock pain often appears at the fracture.
4.
Infectious diseases are infectious diseases caused by special pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Its main features are:
There are specific pathogens.
It is contagious.
It is popular, seasonal and local.
There is a certain incubation period.
There are special clinical manifestations, including high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, toxemia and rash.
5.
There are four unhealthy lifestyles:
(1) Unreasonable diet: With the improvement of living standards, people begin to step into the misunderstanding of simply pursuing taste enjoyment and pay little attention to a reasonable and scientific diet.
(2) Smoking: Smoking is a bad behavior that human beings have been infected with for nearly 2000 years. It does a lot of harm to health, not only leading to heart disease and hypertension, but also increasing the incidence of cancer.
(3) Psychological stress and pressure: For a long time in the past, the medical community has always believed that comforting patients with goodwill and sympathy and encouraging patients with psychological support are informal medicine. However, it has only recently been discovered that it is these so-called informal medical associations that affect the therapeutic effect and prognosis of cancer patients.
(4) Lack of exercise: Nowadays, people have cars when they go out, elevators when they go upstairs, offices are modernized, housework is socialized and even modern people walk less and less. Therefore, scientists call for: life lies in exercise.