Many people must walk and swim together under the guidance of teachers, coaches or people familiar with water. Take care of each other. If a collective organization goes swimming, it is necessary to count the number of people before and after launching and designate lifeguards for safety protection.
3. Do full-body exercise before swimming, fully move joints and relax muscles to avoid cramps, sprains and other accidents after entering the water. If you have a cramp, be calm, don't panic, and help yourself while shouting. Common is calf cramp. At this time, you should do backstroke, hold your toes with your hands, push your calves forward hard, and try to get close to shallow water or shore.
4. Be self-aware of your own water quality, don't be brave after entering the water, don't dive and snorkel rashly, and don't fight with each other to avoid drowning. Don't swim in rapids and whirlpools, let alone drink and swim.
5. If you suddenly feel unwell during swimming, such as dizziness, nausea, palpitation, shortness of breath and so on. , should immediately go ashore to rest or call for help.
6. Swimming should be carried out in the swimming area with safety protection zone, and swimming in the non-swimming area is strictly prohibited. Children in rural areas should choose areas that are familiar with underwater conditions.
Extended data
Steps and methods of drowning first aid
1, rescue in water and post-treatment of effluent
The strong swimmer rescued the patient from the water, while others immediately looked for floating objects. Before leaving the water, put the patient on the floating board, remove the water and dirt from the nose and mouth, and open the airway. When doing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, be careful not to bend the neck, and keep the spine of the head and neck on an axis to avoid aggravating the possible spinal cord injury.
2. First aid after leaving the water
After landing, the water in the patient's respiratory tract and stomach was poured out in time. The main actions of pouring water are: ① The patient is prone, the abdomen is raised, the head is drooping, and the back is pressed by hand; ② Hold the patient's legs, put his abdomen on the rescuer's shoulder, walk quickly, and pour out the accumulated water.
3. First aid for cardiac arrest
For people with cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be performed immediately, including opening the airway, removing foreign bodies such as mouth and nose sediments and aquatic plants, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions. Note that the heartbeat and breathing may stop again after recovery. At the same time of on-site rescue, evacuation should be organized.
Step 4 provide oxygen
(1), dying (with pulse) and drowning (without pulse) patients may have no water in their lungs, so draining water from the lungs cannot delay oxygen supply. A good swimmer can start mouth-to-mouth breathing when treading water. In shallow water, he can also put the patient's head and chest on his knees and start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Only after the patient comes out of the water can he perform chest compressions and clear his throat regularly.
Even if only a small amount of water is inhaled in the lungs, 100% oxygen should be given as soon as possible and IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) should be performed in the trachea.
(2) Seawater damages the lungs and fresh water damages the heart, both of which can cause suffocation and brain damage. Before pulse arrest due to seawater drowning, 100% oxygen should be used as IP-PV to normalize blood volume quickly.
Near drowning and fresh water drowning were rescued before cardiac arrest, and electrolyte disorder returned to normal after 30 ~ 60 minutes of water diversion. The main problem of drowning patients is that lung water retention caused by various reasons leads to severe and long-term hypoxia, so oxygen should be given as soon as possible.
5. Prevent brain injury
The main problem of drowning patients after cardiac arrest and resuscitation is brain injury after resuscitation. In order to prevent brain injury, a large number of corticosteroids and dehydrating agents can be used to prevent brain edema. Hypertonic glucose is given to strengthen brain nutrition and hypoxia tolerance, hyperbaric oxygen chamber is used when conditions permit, sedatives are used when convulsions occur, and central stimulants are used for coma patients.
6. Hospitalization
Pay attention to maintaining the acid-base balance of water and electrolyte. Use antibiotics to prevent lung infection and aspiration pneumonia, pay attention to the occurrence of delayed pulmonary edema and prevent acute renal failure.
7. Bathtub drowning treatment
In case of drowning in the bathtub at home (mostly children), the rescue process is the same as that of drowning in fresh water. Call 120 while doing on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and strive for professional ambulance personnel to arrive in time for professional rescue.
Baidu encyclopedia-drowning first aid