Generally speaking, the term of office of local officials in the Qing Dynasty is three years, which is wrong. In the Qing dynasty, all official positions were defined as "lack", which is a very complicated concept and difficult to understand.
Shortages can be roughly divided into three types. First, it is determined by status, such as Manchu shortage, Mongolian shortage, Han army shortage, imperial clan shortage, internal affairs office shortage and Han shortage; Second, the shortage is determined by the region, such as the shortage of rivers along the river, the shortage of seedlings, cigarettes and coastal areas in remote ethnic minority areas and coastal areas, and the shortage of abdomen in inland provinces; Third, according to the different ways of supplementary appropriation, it is defined as applying for filling a vacancy, selecting a vacancy, filling a vacancy by subject, selecting a vacancy and so on.
The term of office of an official is called "full salary" in official terminology, and the term of office of a local official is different from that of a side salary and a belly salary. Abdominal salary refers to officials working in inland provinces, while marginal salary refers to the shortage of scenic spots, cigarettes, rivers and coastal areas.
According to the customization, all officials will be paid without fault for five years, and the case will be moved. Five years later, they will return to all levels of the formal sector and enter the civil service selection process; Border officials are paid for three years, and those who have made no mistakes will be promoted. At the same time, it is stipulated that border officials will be promoted back to the mainland when they are full, while belly officials will be promoted at any time.
It is not difficult to see that the term of office of magistrate of a county in Qing Dynasty was divided into three years and five years. But in general, the number of vacancies accounts for the vast majority, so the term of office of most counties is five years.
There were more than 1300 counties in Qing dynasty. Although their grades are all positive seven products, the specific situation of each county is different. According to the four words "urgency, complexity, tiredness and difficulty", the imperial court divided them into five types: joint gap, topic gap, adjustment gap, leaving gap and selecting gap.
"Scavengers" are mainly aimed at remote provinces and regions. None of the vacancies in counties and counties are filled, mainly at the department and state levels, and mainly aimed at Tongzhi and Tongguan. As for state and county officials, there is no gleaning.
Title deficiency is the most important deficiency of a magistrate, mainly aiming at the most important deficiency of "urgency, complexity, tiredness and difficulty", and the three-character deficiency. Of the more than 0/000 counties in China, only 93 are missing.
In order to make readers have a deeper impression, Shi Yu listed the most important counties in the Qing Dynasty as follows:
Shuntianfu: Daxing and Wanping (the county is Jingxian, and the magistrate ranks sixth);
Zhili Province: Wanqing County, xian county, Tianjin County, Jinghai County and Qingxian County;
Shengjing: Chengde County, Jinxian County, ningyuan county, Guang Ningxian;
Jiangsu Province: Wuxian, Changzhou, Yuanhe, Wujin, Yanghu, Dantu, Danyang, Yang Shan, Jiangdu and Ganquan;
Anhui Province: Lingbi County;
Shandong Province: Changqing County, taian county, tengxian, yanggu county, En County;
Shanxi Province, Henan Province, Sichuan Province and Guizhou Province, none;
Shaanxi Province: Chang 'an County and Xianning County;
Gansu Province: Gaolan County, Ningxian County, Ningshuo County, Xining County and Wuwei County;
Zhejiang Province: Pinghu County;
Fujian Province: Min County, Houguan County, Fuqing County, Jinjiang County, Tongan County and Longxi County;
Jiangxi Province: Shangrao County, Yushan County and Luling County;
Hubei Province: Hanyang County, jiangling county;
Hunan Province: Hengyang County, Baling County and Wuling County;
Guangdong Province: Nanhai County, Panyu County and Gaoyao County;
Guangxi Province: Xuanhua County;
Yunnan Province: Kunming County.
More than 50 characters are mostly missing counties, and more than 30 (not all) characters are missing counties, which is a problem. Once the magistrate of a county in these counties becomes vacant, it is customary for the local governor to choose the title from the members who should be promoted and transferred, and ask them to fill it without official election. Therefore, the appointment power of the county magistrate is in the hands of the governor.
Adjusting the gap, also known as adjusting the gap, mainly refers to the lack of three words and two important words. Once there is a vacancy, the local governor will choose among the members of the province to fill the vacancy. Note that vacancy adjustment is different from vacancy adjustment, and managers do not have to strictly follow the principles of promotion and salary. Alternate personnel and those who are ready to use Jinshi can be included in the candidate list and awarded after examination by the official department. Therefore, the appointment power of a magistrate mainly depends on the local governor.
Vacancy refers to the vacancy left by an official due to vacation, retirement or death. This situation is an emergency, so its appointment power also belongs to the governor, supplemented by alternate personnel or personnel who should be promoted or transferred.
Vacancy usually refers to one word or no word, and the number of such counties is in the majority. There are about 800 vacancies in more than 0/000 counties in China/KLOC-. When there is a vacancy, the official department will draw lots to choose the appointment, and you can go to your post by reporting to the province with the vacancy.
Institutionally speaking, there is a problem of power distribution between the governor and the official department when appointing and dismissing the governor. Judging from the actual implementation process, the official department often conflicts with provincial governors in order to maintain limited personnel appointment and dismissal rights. At the same time, in order to gain more power, the governor will secretly compete with the official department.
It should be pointed out that the appointment of magistrates by the Governor is not arbitrary. Anyone who needs promotion or transfer must meet the post requirements.
Take the most lacking county as an example. Governors of provinces are generally selected from the existing governors who are short-lived in the province. Those who have never served as governors, such as alternate personnel and Jinshi, cannot be placed in the positions that are most short-lived. Once it is verified that the governor has engaged in malpractices for personal gain and abused his personal interests, he will be demoted.
Finally, regarding the qualifications of magistrate of a county in Qing Dynasty, the imperial court stipulated that only Jinshi, Juren, Gong Sheng and Donated Officials could serve as magistrate of a county. Among them, people from Jinshi and Juren account for the majority, accounting for 74% of the total, while those who donate account for 16% of the total, and the rest 10% come from other backgrounds.