Good social security to achieve * * * construction * * *
—— Interview with Professor Zheng Gongcheng, the host of China Social Security Development Strategy Research Project.
Zhang Yitian
China social security development strategy research project is an important research project organized by academic and theoretical circles with the concern of central leading comrades and the strong support of competent departments. The project started in May 2007. Through the active efforts of many academic institutions and more than 200 experts and scholars across the country, preliminary results have been achieved, which has aroused widespread concern. Why should we study the development strategy of social security? What is the main problem to be solved in this study? What phased results have been achieved? With these questions, the reporter recently visited the host of the project-Professor Zheng Gongcheng of China Renmin University.
Reporter: The construction of social security system is a basic institutional arrangement related to the basic people's livelihood and the long-term stability of the country. What is the significance of carrying out the strategic research on social security development in China?
Zheng Gongcheng: The first 20 years of this century is a crucial period for building a well-off society in an all-round way and building a social security system. At present, the development of China has stood at a new historical starting point. The strengthening of national financial resources, the great concern of the CPC Central Committee on people's livelihood issues and the vigorous promotion of the central government have enabled the construction of China's social security system to enter a stage of rapid development. However, the construction of social security system still lags behind the needs of economic and social development. On the one hand, great achievements have been made in the reform of social security system. Without the reform of social security system, the reform of state-owned enterprises could not be successful, the social risks brought about by the reform of market economy could not be resolved, and today's economic and social development achievements could not be achieved. On the other hand, the division of departments, the uncertainty of trial and error, and the indiscriminate centralization and decentralization in practice have caused the localization and fragmentation of the social security system. The localization of social security system will form and solidify local interests under regional differences, and the fragmentation of social security system will damage the integrity and systematicness of this system. At the same time, there are also some problems in understanding, such as unclear understanding of the development law of social security system, misreading and misjudging the construction of social security system in China. These problems in practice and understanding not only restrict the development of social security system itself, but also restrict the function of social security to promote the coordinated and healthy development of economy and society and realize the sharing of development achievements by all people. Therefore, under the premise of respecting the national conditions and following the laws, it is of great significance to scientifically plan and design the future development strategy of social security to promote scientific development and social harmony.
To study the development strategy of social security in China is to gather the collective wisdom of the academic circles of social security theory in China, explore the ideas and laws of social security development, plan the system structure, operation and supervision system of social security system with China characteristics, clarify the objectives, processes and steps of social security system construction in China, and provide basis for the reform and construction of social security system in China.
Reporter: What is the progress of the project research at present, and what phased results have been achieved?
Zheng Gongcheng: Since the project was officially launched, 14 expert symposiums have been held nationwide, special investigations and questionnaires have been conducted in several provinces and cities, and special international visits and exchanges have been conducted, which has deepened our understanding of the social security system, its construction objectives and development paths. In the discussion and investigation, it is generally believed that China needs to speed up the construction of a sound social security system, and through the arrangement of the social security system, the fruits of economic development will be gradually transformed into actual national welfare. Realizing the universal benefit and sharing of development achievements is the essential requirement of social security system construction. Just as the market mechanism naturally pursues efficiency, the starting point and destination of the social security system naturally show the pursuit of social justice. Market mechanism is the power system of economic growth, while social security is the system of economic and social stability, coordination and promotion. The effective exertion of their functions is the basic condition for the healthy development of the whole economy and society. The construction of China's social security system should be based on the overall interests of the country and centered on improving people's well-being; The design of social security system needs to proceed from the overall situation and long-term, and cannot be biased towards a certain group of people. Building a perfect social security system with China characteristics and benefiting all citizens fairly should be the goal and direction of social security system construction in China.
Reporter: How to understand the social security system with China characteristics?
Zheng Gongcheng: The China characteristics of the social security system are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
Respect China's actual national conditions. We should pay attention to the unbalanced development of urban and rural areas and regions in China, the division of departments and the imperfect system in the construction of social security system, and deeply understand that strengthening the construction of social security system is an important content of thoroughly implementing Scientific Outlook on Development, building a harmonious socialist society, perfecting the socialist market economic system and deepening reform.
Attach importance to the tradition of family security and social mutual assistance. The construction of social security system is not to replace family security, nor to cancel neighborhood mutual assistance, employee mutual assistance and unit security, but to organically combine traditional family mutual assistance with modern social security, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of society, units, families and individuals under the leadership of the government, and make the social security system based on a reasonable responsibility sharing mechanism. This is an important condition for the sustainable development of this building.
Adopt a gradual development model. Insufficient security and large treatment gap between different groups are the main problems facing the construction of China's social security system. Limited by financial resources, it is unrealistic to establish a high-level and wide-coverage social security system in a short period of time. Therefore, the development of social security should follow the principle of gradual progress: starting with breaking unfairness, ensuring that everyone enjoys low-level and differentiated social security, then gradually narrowing the social security gap between different social groups, forming a fairer social security system, and finally establishing a unified social security system with quality of life. At present, we should build a social assistance system and a medical security system covering urban and rural residents as soon as possible to avoid the survival crisis and disease worries of all citizens, and at the same time promote the all-round development of the old-age security cause and effectively relieve people's worries about old-age care. In the way of promoting the reform of social security system, "the old way for the elderly, the middle way for the people and the new way for the newcomers" are implemented, that is, a new fair system is established through age or intergenerational division. In terms of security content, we should establish a complete social security system including social assistance, social insurance and social welfare, a three-tier structure of economic source security, service security and spiritual comfort security, and the coordination of general security measures and special security measures. The future construction of social security system in China should be all-round and three-dimensional, with the basic security led by the government as the main body, and at the same time develop high-level security of marketization and supplementary security of non-governmental organizations.
Reporter: What outstanding problems need to be solved to establish and improve the social security system with China characteristics?
Zheng Gongcheng: First of all, we should establish the values of fairness, justice and enjoyment. Only by establishing such a value orientation can the social security system enter the correct track of healthy and sustainable development. Second, speed up the construction of social security system, and move from unstable experimental state to stereotyped, stable and sustainable development. Stereotyped and stable institutional arrangements are conducive to enhancing people's sense of security and good expectations for future development, reducing the cost of institutional reform and construction, establishing a unified labor market, realizing the free flow of labor and the optimal allocation of human resources, and giving full play to the functions of social security system in maintaining fairness, realizing enjoyment and promoting development. Third, clarify the leading responsibility of the government and clarify the responsibility sharing mechanism. Government leading is an important feature of modern social security. In the process of China's social security system changing from "state-unit security" to "state-social security", there is a tendency to shift from government arrangement to over-emphasis on family and individual responsibilities, which directly leads to insufficient fairness and low effectiveness in system construction. Therefore, defining the leading responsibility of the government and the responsibility sharing mechanism of each responsible subject is the key to the current social security system construction. Fourth, we should properly handle the relevant relations. Ideologically, to balance the relationship between fairness and efficiency, government and market, rights and obligations, central and local, national and international, social security and family security is conducive to grasping the direction of system construction as a whole. In terms of system construction, it is necessary to strengthen the coordination between social security policies and employment, public finance, population, public health and industrial development policies, and pay attention to the comprehensive efficiency of relevant institutional arrangements. This paper discusses employment and social security from the perspective of the relationship between system and practice. The article holds that the reform of employment and social security system adopted by the state in view of the current unemployment situation is advancing.
The progress is very fast, but from the current situation, there are still many problems to be solved urgently. This paper systematically analyzes the complexity and dynamics of employment and social security needs.
On this basis, some targeted suggestions are put forward.
Keywords: social security system; Employment; Unemployment; Unemployment within the system is one of the most serious challenges facing China. In order to meet this challenge.
In this process, the government's strategic choice has undergone important changes. From the initial re-employment of workers
Cheng, in the years at the turn of the century, gradually transitioned to "re-employment" and "unemployment social security"
A two-pronged approach to dealing with serious unemployment. Therefore, promoting employment and improving society
The security system is two far-reaching and important goals of China's economic development and social progress.
There is a close internal relationship between them.
First, the relationship between employment and social security.
At present, China is at the peak of unemployment. Since1mid-1990s,
The total number of laid-off workers in China has been increasing, especially with the gradual progress of the merger.
In recent years, the number of registered unemployed people in cities and towns has risen sharply. When dealing with the current situation, we need to clarify.
The basic relationship between employment and social security is very necessary for us to solve the unemployment problem.
Meaning of.
Employment and social security belong to different categories. Employment mainly belongs to the category of economic development,
Full employment is the goal pursued by all countries' macroeconomics, and the employment situation has also become the economic development situation.
One of the important indicators. Just as economic development needs to be coordinated with social development, so does promoting employment.
It also needs to be coordinated with the development of social security. When the employment pressure is high, we should first actively expand.
Employment, and through appropriate social security to promote employment, social security reform and development should at least
On the premise of not hindering employment; In the case of relatively small employment pressure and full employment.
Secondly, we should speed up the construction of social security system and expand social security according to economic development.
Scope, appropriately improve the level of protection.
Second, the changes in the current employment pattern and the problems in the implementation of the social security system.
(A) changes in the new employment pattern have brought unprecedented impact on social security.
Due to the huge scale of new labor force in China, rural labor force needs to continue.
With the migration of cities, employment pressure will exist for a long time. Not only that, in recent years, with the economy
Transformation and structural adjustment, especially in the face of economic globalization and international competition after China's entry into WTO.
Under the dramatic environment, the employment pattern in China has changed significantly:
Marketization of employment. In the process of transition to a market economy, the labor market has gradually developed.
Well, a unified labor market in urban and rural areas has taken shape initially, and the planned employment mechanism has been basically abandoned, and employment
The pattern of marketization is irreversible, and the result is a two-way choice of employment, and people are between enterprises and places.
The flow between regions and between urban and rural areas has accelerated, and the contradiction between supply and demand is obvious. Unemployment has become a socio-economic life.
Live "normally" Diversification of employment methods and channels. On the one hand, with the structural adjustment, shares
Enterprises, private enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and individual economy have become the main channels for new employment, while state-owned enterprises
On the other hand, due to the formal employment of industrial and economic units in the country, the employment situation has become history.
The fierce market competition caused by structural changes and globalization, the relative shrinkage of formal employment, and the labor market.
Vulnerable groups in some fields, especially laid-off workers, are not allowed in the fierce employment competition.
Did not enter the field of informal flexible employment. In addition, from the perspective of the industrial structure of employment, first,
Employment in the primary industry has dropped sharply, and the tertiary industry has increased substantially. The profound changes in the employment model have given society
Social security has brought unprecedented impacts and challenges, restricted the development of social security, and also
Damage the rights and interests of workers to enjoy social security according to law.
(2) Difficulties in connecting the old and new systems 1998 Since then, the central government has put forward a policy of "three lines of protection": laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises.
You can get the basic living expenses for up to three years in the employment service center; After the expiration of three years, it has not been realized.
Those who are employed can continue to receive unemployment insurance benefits for a maximum of two years; Enjoy unemployment insurance
Those who are unemployed after the expiration of the golden period may apply for the minimum living guarantee for urban residents. In order to achieve unemployment
Social security, from 200 1 1, implements the "two security lines" policy, state-owned enterprises.
In principle, no new re-employment service centers will be built, and laid-off workers will not enter in principle.
Re-employment service center, but to terminate the labor relationship with the enterprise according to law, and enjoy unemployment insurance according to regulations.
Insurance benefits, realize the combination of laid-off and unemployment. However, how do these two social security systems rank?
The next question is a difficult one, whether in practice or in policy research. Currently, from
There are three difficulties in the transition from the old system to the new system: one is the transition from "laid-off" to "lost"
Industry "has difficulties. Second, it is difficult for laid-off workers in collective enterprises to enter the new system. Third, downward.
The legitimate rights and interests of the unemployed after re-employment can not be guaranteed. (C) the overall principle of social security system under the substantive injustice
Laid-off workers have strong internal heterogeneity, according to the relationship with the original unit
Different, laid-off workers can be divided into four categories, namely, unemployed people from state-owned enterprises and laid-off people from state-owned enterprises.
On-the-job workers, laid-off workers from collective enterprises and "long vacation" personnel. Four different identities mean
They enjoy different treatment in unemployment insurance, endowment insurance and medical insurance. generally speaking
It is said that for the unemployed people in state-owned enterprises who have terminated their labor relations, pension insurance has been
The original unit pays in full, and unemployment insurance can be followed up. They are usually more willing to postpone payment. Right?
For most laid-off workers and "people on long vacation" who can't terminate their labor relations, personal accounts are not
There are many realities, and it is relatively difficult to renew the endowment insurance. In addition, on-the-job workers and laid-off workers
The difference between workers and laid-off workers is very significant, but social security such as pension and medical care
Insurance is charged according to the general principle. Therefore, the identity and income of the target population and other factors.
Under various circumstances, the social security system, which seems to be procedural justice, is struggling in practice.
Heavy, fair effect is not enough to show, but to some extent, bring greater no.
Gong. This is mainly reflected in the following two aspects: First, identity recognition cannot represent laid-off workers.
All members. Second, the average social wage cannot represent the objective income of laid-off workers.
Enter. This leads to the phenomenon that the actual result deviates from the target. Establish a social security system for unemployment.
The original intention of the degree is to guarantee the basic livelihood of the unemployed, but the high threshold set by social insurance is actually
As a result, it is difficult for laid-off workers who were excluded from the system during the reform process to enter the threshold.
The high social security system is getting worse and worse.
(D) The current social security system and management methods do not meet the needs of promoting employment.
First, the coverage is narrow. Second, the current social insurance system is aimed at fixed employers.
If the formal employment form is designed, the rate is too high and the treatment as the basic guarantee is too high, which is unfavorable.
In enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises and non-public enterprises, it is not conducive to encouraging labor.
Actors are engaged in all kinds of flexible employment. Third, management services do not meet the needs of employment diversification. The fourth is
The function of unemployment insurance in promoting employment has not been fully exerted. 3. Some suggestions on promoting employment and solving social security problems.
(a) in accordance with the requirements of marketization and diversified employment, seriously adjust the basic social insurance.
System, improve management.
(1) The security level should be moderate. The determination of social security standards should be consistent with the current economic development.
The level of adaptation should not only ensure the basic needs of life, but also be conducive to promoting employment and reemployment.
(2) The scope of protection should be continuously expanded. At present, great changes have taken place in the employment channels and ways in China.
It is urgent to expand the coverage of basic social security. (3) Management services
Be flexible. The first is to further reform and improve the forms and methods of management services. The second is the flow of people.
Create conditions. (4) Effectively reduce the burden on enterprises.
Second, in order to meet the different needs of different groups and reduce the difficulty of adjusting the basic insurance system,
Accelerate the establishment of a multi-level social security system.
We should speed up legislation, improve relevant policies and regulations, cultivate and improve the capital market, and strengthen the right
Fund operation supervision promotes the construction of multi-level social insurance system in China. Only in this way can we reduce
Reduce the obstacles to the adjustment of China's basic social insurance system, and ease the contradiction between income and expenditure of China's basic insurance system.
Crisis.
Third, take practical measures to expand the coverage of unemployment social security. In terms of systems and solutions
Solve the social exclusion problem. Properly handle the problems in the connection between the old and new systems and increase finance.
Investment to ensure the smooth entry of laid-off workers into the social security system. Extend the relevant merger policy
Give a helping hand to employees of collective enterprises to eliminate social exclusion caused by ownership status.