1, the origin of the universe
(1) Evidence of the Origin of the Universe-Characteristics of Galactic Motion
Hubble, an American astronomer, found that the motion of galaxies has the following characteristics through the study of galaxy spectra: all galaxies are leaving us; The farther the galaxy is from us, the faster it moves; The distance between galaxies is expanding.
(2) The Big Bang Cosmology is a widely accepted theory of the origin of the universe. According to the Big Bang theory, about 654.38+0.5 billion years ago, our universe was all squeezed into a "primitive fireball" in the form of particles with extremely high density and temperature. The universe was born in the explosion of this fireball. Explosion space
The expansion of the universe continues to this day and will continue.
2. The formation of the solar system and the birth of the earth.
(1) "Geocentric theory": In the 2nd century, Ptolemy, a Greek scientist, founded the theory of "Geocentric Theory" on the basis of summarizing the previous theories.
(2) "Heliocentrism":/kloc-In the 6th century, the Polish astronomer Copernicus established the "Heliocentrism" theory of the universe system based on a large number of accurate observation data.
(3) Solar system: The solar system is a system composed of celestial bodies constrained by the sun's gravity. The whole system is roughly a sphere, and the maximum range can be extended to about 1 light-year.
The nine planets in the solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto from the inside out, all of which are in near-circular orbits close to the same plane and face in the same direction.
Rotate around the sun.
(4) the formation of the solar system
(a) There are many theories about the origin of the solar system, among which there are two main ones:
One is the nebula theory, which holds that the solar system is gradually formed by a rotating nebula in the process of contraction. The Kant-Laplace theory in the18th century belongs to the nebula theory.
The other is various catastrophe theories, which believe that the matter of planets such as the earth is separated from the sun because of some accidental great change. Due to the lack of evidence, the catastrophe theory was gradually abandoned.
(b) The father of modern science: Galileo
3. The life of a star
Evolution of (1) stars
The evolution of stars is like a person's life, which has gone through the process from young adults to menopause and old age.
(2) the destination of the stars
Stars have three different endings due to different initial masses, namely white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes. White dwarfs are the end point of the evolution of medium-mass stars. They continue to collapse in some degenerate cores with much larger mass than stars, but they are not formed in the end.
Neutron stars, but black holes.
(3) the life of the sun
The sun and its planets were formed about 5 billion years ago, and were gradually contracted by interstellar matter nebulae under their own gravity. At present, the state of the sun has been maintained for about 5 billion years, and it has reached middle age. After its hydrogen fuel is exhausted, its energy will be maintained by the nuclear reaction between helium and other heavier elements. In the process, it will change from the present yellow dwarf.
The stage gradually became a red superstar and then a super red superstar. After all the nuclear energy is used up, there will be no energy inside the sun to resist gravitational collapse, which will greatly reduce its radius and increase its density, thus making its matter enter a degenerate electron gas state and become a white dwarf. When it stops shrinking, it will never.
Without energy release, its life will be terminated, and it will become a cold "black dwarf" with no light and in a degraded state. Its life expectancy is estimated to reach 654.38+00 billion years.
(4) Black holes
Nothing can escape from a black hole, including light. Black holes can arise from the death of massive stars. After a massive star collapses, when its gravity is so great that no other repulsion can compete with it, the star is crushed into an isolated point, which is called a singularity. The singularity is the center of the black hole, and the surrounding gravity is extremely strong.
Not exactly.
4. Biological evolution
(1) List the phenomena of biological evolution.
Invertebrates → vertebrate birds
The evolutionary order of vertebrates: fish → amphibians → reptiles.
mammal
moss
The evolutionary sequence of plants; algae
Ferns → seed plants
(2) Tell the main points of Darwin's theory of evolution.
The most powerful evidence of biological evolution is animal and plant fossils.
The core of Darwin's evolution theory is the theory of natural selection.
The basis of biological evolution is continuous genetic variation.
The motive force of biological evolution is the struggle for existence among biology, natural environment and other biological individuals.
The essence of natural selection is survival of the fittest and elimination of the unfit.
The ancestors of living things have different offspring, and the offspring with favorable variation is modern living things (adapting to the environment).
5. Evolution and heredity
DNA structure: Watson and Crick put forward the model of double helix structure.
The basic unit DNA DNA molecule is deoxynucleotide, which is composed of phosphoric acid, deoxyribose and base.
Genes are fragments of DNA molecules containing genetic information, and genes determine the characteristics of organisms.
protein
Genetic diseases are caused by changes in DNA, genes or chromosomes in the human body. Congenital stupidity, albinism and congenital deafness are common genetic diseases. Children born to consanguineous couples may inherit the same disease-causing genes from their parents, which greatly increases the chances of offspring getting sick.
Genetic engineering is a technology to recombine genes according to people's wishes. Genetic engineering can produce drugs that human beings need, such as insulin and interferon. Some foods we eat, such as tomatoes and soybeans, can also be genetically modified products. Insect-resistant cotton, virus-resistant tobacco and herbicide-resistant soybean in agricultural production have all entered commercial production, and some of the above products are difficult to produce by conventional methods or the production cost is too high.
chapter two
1. Biological structure level
2. Biological adaptation to the environment
protective coloration
Natural selection → biological adaptation to environment → warning color
Paranational
3. Ecosystem
Abiotic substances and energy: including solar energy, heat energy, water, air, minerals, etc.
Producer: mainly refers to green plants, which convert inorganic substances into organic substances through photosynthesis, convert solar energy into chemical energy and store it, and become the energy source of consumers and decomposers, which is the main component of the ecosystem.
Component consumers of ecosystem: mainly refers to all kinds of animals, who directly or indirectly make a living from organic substances made by green plants. Herbivores are called primary consumers, and animals that feed on herbivores are called secondary consumers.
Decomposer: mainly refers to bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms, some protozoa and saprophytes. They decompose complex animal and plant carcasses, excrements and debris into simpler inorganic substances for producers to reuse. They are of great significance in material circulation and energy flow.
Food chain and food web: Energy flow and material circulation in the ecosystem are carried out through food chain and food web.
4. Material circulation and energy flow in the ecosystem.
chapter three
1. The meaning of health
Physical health
Healthy mental health
Healthy social relations
2. Infectious diseases
3. Human immune function
4. Noncommunicable diseases
8. Blood type and blood transfusion
Adult blood volume is about 7% ~ 8% of body weight. When transfusing blood, the same type of blood should be transfused in principle.
Erythrocyte agglutinin and serum agglutinin
Type a, type a, type b
B-type b-type anti-a
Type AB and type b none
Type o has no antibodies a and B.