(1) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Specific IQ
1905, the world's first intelligence test scale-Binet-Simon scale came into being, which put forward the concept of mental age, that is, the age level of children's actual intelligence. Binet.Alfred. The Alfred-Simon test contains 30 items to evaluate children's intelligence through the number of items. 19 16, Terman of Stanford University revised Binet-Simon Scale to Stanford-Binet.Alfred. Alfred Caird.
Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale is an age scale. It takes age as a yardstick to measure intelligence and stipulates a certain level of intelligence that should be reached at a certain age. Intelligence test items are compiled according to age groups; The test of each age group consists of six items, including drawing, folding, defining words, judging the meaning of words, recalling stories, reasoning and many other aspects; With the increase of age, the difficulty of the project has gradually increased. Measuring people's intelligence with Stanford-Binet.Alfred. Alfred scale, first of all, to calculate the discrepancy of intelligence age, referred to as intelligence age (ma), that is, the age at which the subjects passed the test items. If a child can only pass the Stanford-Binet.Alfred test and get into all the items of the 5-year-old group. Alfred scale (1960), but it is not an item in the 6-year-old group, then the child's intellectual age is 5 years old; If he not only passed all the projects of the five-year-old group, but also passed four projects of the six-year-old group, three projects of the seven-year-old group, two projects of the eight-year-old group and none of the projects of the nine-year-old group. The intellectual age of the child is 6 years and 6 months. Obviously, the older the child, the better the level of intellectual development.
Intellectual age is a measure of the absolute level of intelligence, which shows that a child's intelligence has actually reached that age level. Early intelligence tests used it to express the development level of children's intelligence. However, the size of intellectual age cannot accurately explain whether one child's intellectual development has surpassed that of another child. Two children with the same intellectual age have different intelligence because of their different actual ages. In order to compare the intelligence level of a child with other children of the same age, we must also consider the relationship between intellectual age and actual age and estimate the relative intelligence of individuals. Terman uses the concept of IQ to express intelligence level. The concept of IQ was first put forward by German psychologist Steen.
IQ, also called IQ, is often expressed by IQ. IQ is a score calculated according to the performance of intelligence test, which represents the relationship between an individual's intellectual age (ma) and his actual age (ca). The formula for calculating IQ is:
According to this formula, if the intellectual age of a five-year-old child is the same as the actual age, then the IQ of this child is 100, which means that his IQ has reached the general level of a normal five-year-old child. If a five-year-old child's intellectual age is 66, then his IQ is 130. 100 IQ represents the general intelligence level. If the IQ exceeds 100, it means that the child's IQ level is high; Less than 100 indicates that the child's IQ level is low. Using the ratio of intellectual age to actual age to express IQ, called ratio IQ, has an obvious disadvantage. A person's actual age is increasing year by year, but his intelligence may stabilize at a certain level when he develops to a certain stage. In this way, using specific IQ to express people's intelligence level, IQ will gradually decline, which is inconsistent with the actual situation of intelligence development.
(2) Wexler Intelligence Scale: Biased IQ
Stanford-Binet.Alfred. Alfred scale is a comprehensive measure of individual intelligence, which can only give people a fairly general concept. But intelligence is not a single ability, it contains various structural components. In the same person, various components of intelligence may have different levels of development. In order to reflect a person's intelligence more truly. Wexler compiled several sets of intelligence scales. Wechsler adult intelligence scale, suitable for adults over 16 years old; Wechsler intelligence scale for children, suitable for children aged 6- 16; Wechsler intelligence scale for preschool children, suitable for children aged 4-6.5. These scales measure various abilities.
Webster's scale contains two subscales, speech and operation, which can measure individual's speech ability and operation ability respectively. Speech subscale includes vocabulary, common sense, understanding, recall, similarity finding and mathematical reasoning. The operation sub-table contains items such as completing pictures, arranging pictures, combining things, piecing together and decoding. Webster's improvement has obvious benefits. Wechsler scale can be used to measure not only the general level of IQ (comprehensive intelligence), but also different aspects of IQ: verbal IQ and operational IQ. Although there is a high positive correlation between verbal IQ and operational IQ (0.77 ~ 0.8 1), the abilities measured by these two scales are different. Wexler also innovated the calculation method of IQ, changing ratio IQ into deviation IQ. The basis for putting forward the biased IQ is that the test scores of human intelligence are distributed according to the normal state, and most people's intelligence is at the average level, with IQ =100; The farther away from the average, the fewer people score; People's IQ varies greatly from the lowest to the highest. The standard deviation of IQ distribution is 15. In this way, a person's intelligence can be expressed by comparing his test scores with those of the same age. The formula is:
Z stands for standard score, X stands for individual test score, X stands for group average score, and sd stands for standard deviation of group score. Therefore, as long as we know the standard deviation of a person's test scores and his group scores, it is easy to calculate his biased IQ. For example, the average score of a certain age group is 80, the standard deviation is 5, and someone is 85. His score is one standard deviation higher than the average score of the same age group, z = (85-80)/5 = 1, IQ = 100 15× L = 65438. Explain that his IQ is higher than 84% of his peers; If someone's score is one standard deviation lower than the group average, Z =- 1, and his IQ iq=85. It shows that his IQ is only higher than that of his peers 16%, but lower than the average. Because wandering IQ is a measure of a person's IQ in the relative position of peers, not affected by personal age.
Deviation IQ overcomes the disadvantages of ratio IQ, but there are also problems. It is easy to misunderstand the absolute level of intelligence. For example, a person's wandering IQ at the age of 70 and 30 may be 100, but the absolute level of intelligence is different. Intelligence at 70 should be lower than at 30.
In addition, intelligence tests provide an understanding of people's general abilities, which is far from meeting the urgent needs of the society for selecting and using various talents. Under the requirements of modern production and life, people's social division of labor is becoming more and more detailed, forming special abilities needed in different practical fields, such as mechanical operation ability, musical ability and artistic ability. Using different methods and means to measure these abilities is called special ability test. The special ability test has a strong pertinence, which is of great significance for career orientation guidance, employee placement and selection, and the discovery and cultivation of children with special abilities.
IQ-IQ measurement
1905, French psychologists developed the first scale for measuring intelligence-Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, which was introduced to China in 1922 and revised by Mr. Wu in Beijing in 1982. Question ***5 1 is mainly suitable for measuring the intelligence of primary and secondary school students. 19 16 wexler compiled Wexler Adult Intelligence Scale (wais), Children Intelligence Scale (wisc) and wexler Infant Intelligence Scale (wppsz) for children aged 4-6.5 years. Wechsler scale was introduced into China in the middle and late 1980s, and was revised and published in Chinese, so it was widely used.
The intelligence scale compiled by American psychologist wexler was revised by Gong Yaoxian of Hunan Medical University, and the China norm was established. Now children aged 6- 16 and adults aged 16 can take the exam. Through psychological measurement, we can understand our intelligence level and potential, identify the intellectual damage caused by traffic accidents, and provide scientific basis for giving full play to our advantages, filling in the college entrance examination volunteers scientifically and giving birth to excellent children.
IQ test items:
The IQ test includes 1 1 items, including common sense, understanding, arithmetic, similarity, memory, words, images, building blocks, arrangement, puzzles and symbols. The whole test takes about an hour, and it takes about an hour to summarize, analyze and write a test report.