In recent years, loach has become a treasure on the table of the people. The artificial breeding of loach has attracted more and more attention from farmers because of its strong adaptability to the environment, easy reproduction, low production cost and high economic benefits. In the process of loach breeding, reasonable stocking density, scientific feeding and fertilization, frequent injection of fresh water to keep the water fresh and attention to disease prevention can promote its healthy growth and achieve good economic benefits.
1, aquaculture environment construction. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus does not have high requirements on the culture environment, and it can be used in paddy fields, courtyard cement ponds, ponds sheltered from the wind and close to water sources, and shallow ponds. Before releasing the seedlings, the mouth of the breeding pond should be completely rectified and disinfected. Because loach likes to dig holes to escape from construction, the dams around the aquaculture waters should be wide and firm, and there should be no caves. There should be escape nets at the entrance and exit to prevent loach from escaping. At the same time, some aquatic plants should be planted beside the pond to create a cool, comfortable and quiet living environment for loach. The roots of aquatic plants provide conditions for the reproduction of some benthos, and also provide natural bait for loach.
2, grasp the quality of seedlings. Loach seedlings with strong physique, lively swimming, smooth body, no injuries and consistent specifications should be selected. Soak in the bath with 20 ~ 30g/L saline for about 10 minute before placing to kill pathogens on the body surface. It should be placed in sunny morning or afternoon, not in windy, rainy, low pressure and cold weather.
3. Reasonable stocking density. Stocking density should be determined according to the conditions of aquaculture waters. Pond culture generally raises 100 ~ 150 summer flowers with a body length of 3 ~ 4 cm, and can raise 50 ~ 80 summer flowers with a body length of more than 5 cm. Generally, about 80 kilograms of loach with a tail weight of 2-5 grams or about 20,000 loaches with a tail weight of more than 10cm are put into rice field culture. In the case of good breeding conditions and sufficient fresh bait, the stocking amount can be appropriately increased, otherwise the stocking amount should be appropriately reduced.
4. Feed bait. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is an omnivorous freshwater fish, which likes to eat plankton such as Daphnia and earthworm under natural conditions. In the process of breeding, the artificially fed bait should be palatable and fresh. In the process of feeding bait, we should pay attention not to change the variety of bait frequently, otherwise it will reduce the staged intake of loach and affect the growth rate. In addition, loach is gluttonous, so it is not advisable to let loach eat too much when feeding animal feed, otherwise it will affect intestinal breathing and produce toxic gas, which will lead to death. When the water temperature is higher than 30℃ or lower than 15℃, the feeding can be stopped.
5. Water quality management. The pool water should be yellow-green, with a transparency of 20 ~ 25 cm and a neutral or weakly acidic pH value. When the color of water turns brown, dark brown or the dissolved oxygen in water is less than 2mg/L, new water should be injected in time. Beneficial microbial preparation are often used. Keep the water quality in a fat, lively, tender and refreshing state.
6. Disease control. Aquaculture should focus on prevention and combine prevention with control. Spray bleaching powder once every half month for sterilization, so that the concentration of pool water is 1ppm, or the water depth per mu is 1 m, and spray 10 ~ 15kg of quicklime to adjust the water quality. During the period of high temperature growth in summer and autumn, fresh water is often supplemented and old water is discharged, and fresh water is supplemented by 20-30 cm each time, so as to keep the water quality fresh, fertile and relatively stable, prevent diseases and be beneficial to growth.
7. Get the list. Fishing from the end of that year to May of the following year, the big fish keep the small fish, and the market specification is 70 ~ 90 pieces/kg. Fishing method: trawl is the main method, supplemented by cage net. Finally, dry pond fishing is carried out.
Prevention and control of gill mold in soilless culture technology of loach
Gill mycosis of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is a disease caused by gill mycosis parasitic on the gills of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus.
Epidemic situation: it is mainly prevalent in May ~10, especially in May ~ July. When the water quality deteriorates, especially when the organic matter content in the water is high, this disease is prone to occur, and a large number of sick loaches can die in a few days.
Symptoms: The diseased loach has poor appetite, difficulty breathing, slow swimming, increased mucus on the gills, and bloodshot or ischemic spots on the gills, showing flower gills. When seriously ill, loach is highly anemic and the whole gills turn blue-gray. Microscopic examination showed that there were a lot of molds on gills.
Prevention: Pay attention to changing water at ordinary times, keep the pond fresh and not too eutrophic. If the organic matter content is too high, diseases will easily break out. If dead loach is found in the pool, it should be fished out in time, especially in hot weather. Otherwise, the rotting body of loach will release a lot of harmful gases and bacteria at the bottom of the pool, and the rotting body will also breed mold, so it is necessary to disinfect and apply matrix improvers in time.
Treatment methods: ① kill parasites first; (2) kill bacteria and fungi at the same time, and iodine trioxide or thioether ofloxacin can be sprayed with salt water in the whole pool; ③ Oral administration of water mold drugs and bactericidal drugs; ④ Change water frequently.
Key points of feed feeding technology of loach soilless culture technology
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is an omnivorous fish, which likes to eat organic debris, plankton and benthos. Therefore, in the breeding stage of adult loach, fertilization measures should be taken to cultivate natural bait. In addition to fertilization, we should also feed certain plant feed and animal feed, and regularly and quantitatively feed concentrated feed such as bean dregs, wheat bran, rice bran and bean cake. The feeding amount depends on water quality, weather and feeding conditions. When the water temperature is suitable, feed it once a day in the morning, at noon and at night, and once a day in the morning and evening when the water temperature is low. The percentage of feeding amount to the body weight of pond loach: March1%~ 2%; From April to June, 3% to 5%; July-August10% ~15%; In September, 4%.
The feeding ratio of plant feed to animal feed at different water temperatures: when the water temperature is lower than 10℃ or higher than 30℃, feed less or not; Water temperature 1 1 ~ 20℃, plant feed accounts for 60% ~ 70%, and animal feed accounts for 30% ~ 40%. The water temperature is 2 1 ~ 23℃, and the plant feed and animal feed account for 50% respectively. The water temperature is 24 ~ 29℃, plant feed accounts for 30% ~ 40%, and animal feed accounts for 60% ~ 70%.
Key points of pond mouth construction of loach soilless culture technology
One of the characteristics of loach is absconding. Because of its small size, you can't get out as long as there is a small gap. If there is a hole in the pond, the loach can even escape clean in one day. Therefore, this point needs special attention when building a pond for loach.
One is to treat the bottom of the pond. After the excavator digs out the pond, the bottom of the pond should be tamped.
The second is to deal with the pond. Dig a ditch nearly 1 m deep along the edge of the pond, and then lay a strong nylon net from the bottom of the ditch to the ground. The interfaces of nylon mesh must be tightly connected. After laying the nylon mesh cloth along the edge of the pond, compact the nylon mesh cloth with the excavated soil to connect the nylon mesh cloth with the pond. The upper end of nylon mesh cloth is fixed with stakes every 1 m to ensure that nylon mesh cloth is not blown away by strong wind.
The third is to deal with the entrance and exit of the pond. Because the current PVC pipeline is relatively cheap, the farm can consider using PVC pipeline as the water inlet pipeline of the pond, with one end coming from the water lifting device next to the reservoir and the other end directly passing through one side of the pond.
The outlet of the pond needs careful design. We hope that the discharged water is the bottom water of the pond. The bottom water of the pond is polluted by loach feces and surplus feed, and the water quality is poor. A PVC pipe is dug at the outlet end of the pond, and one end is outside the pond. One end is in the pool with an elbow, which can be inserted into a vertical pipe 40 cm higher than the water level in the pool, and a circle of escape prevention net is set outside the pipe. When draining water, lift the vertical sleeve in the pool to drain the bottom water with poor water quality.
Management technology of soilless culture of loach seedling
Recently, through the efforts of aquatic technology instructors and buyers, the problem of loach seedling source of demonstration households has been solved, and under the guidance of aquatic technology instructors, demonstration households have begun to release seedlings one after another. According to the actual production this year, in the process of seedling release, fishery technical instructors timely guide demonstration households to do a good job in seedling release.
First of all, in view of the increasing incidence of loach in recent years, the pond was cleaned and disinfected with quicklime10-0/5 days before the loach seedlings were planted in the pond, and the pond was strictly cleaned before the seedlings were released.
Secondly, strengthen the management of breeding bait organisms in fertilizer water, inject 50cm fresh water after cleaning the pond for one week, filter it with a 40-mesh sieve to prevent enemy organisms from entering the pond, and apply 30-60kg decomposed organic fertilizer per mu.
In addition, disinfection should be strengthened when stocking, and it should be soaked in 3% salt water for about 30 minutes before stocking.
High-yield culture technology of loach without soil
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is tender, nutritious, light and delicious, and has the function of nourishing medicine, which has always been loved by people. In 2009, Liu Dengquan, a demonstrator of science and technology in Houtan Farm of Tangdian, conducted a high-yield culture experiment of loach in ponds, with an experimental area of 5×667㎡. After four to five months of cultivation, the yield per mu was1.820kg, the sales income reached 32,760 yuan, and the net profit per mu reached 1.006 yuan. The effect is remarkable, and the main technologies are introduced as follows:
1, culture conditions
The loach pond culture requires sufficient water, fresh and pollution-free, convenient water injection and drainage, neutral or slightly alkaline loam soil, convenient transportation and electricity consumption.
The pool is rectangular in east-west direction, with an aspect ratio of 2: 1 and an area of 5× 667m2. The depth of the pond is 0.8- 1m, and the water depth is 0.4-0.6m The soil of the pond wall should be compacted and the pond should be surrounded by nets. The lower end should be buried in the soil 10cm, and the upper end should be 20cm above the water surface to prevent the loach from escaping and the enemy from entering.
2. Inventory mode
2. 1 Preparation before stocking
Clean, transform and disinfect the pond 20 days before stocking loach seedlings. Use barbed wire at the water inlet and outlet to prevent leakage. Dig a fish tank with an area of 1/3- 1/5 and a depth of 30-50cm in the drain, and lay a layer of rotten clay on the bottom of the pond. Seven days before stocking, the pond was cleaned with quicklime, and every 667m2 pond depth 10cm, 75㎏ quicklime was used to make mud, which was splashed all over the pond. Five days after cleaning the pond, inject 25cm of water and apply organic fertilizer 150-250 ㎏ every 667 ㎏ to improve the water quality.
2.2 Stock trading
Loach seedlings should choose artificial seedlings or wild seedlings, but the specifications should be neat, disease-free and injury-free, agile and sufficient at one time. Generally, the seedling release time is April every year, the average water temperature is above 15℃, and 80 seedlings are released per mu (1100). It is best to choose a sunny afternoon. Soak and disinfect with 8- 10 mg/L bleaching powder solution for 20-30 minutes before stocking.
3. Feeding management
3. 1 feed feed
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is an omnivorous fish. In addition to fertilizing to cultivate natural bait, we should also feed fish meal, fish pulp, silkworm chrysalis, animal leftovers, bran, rice bran, bean cake, melon and vegetable leaves and other plant bait. The above feed can also be used as raw materials to make compound feed for feeding.
The feeding habits of loach are closely related to the water temperature. Water temperature 16 ~ 20℃, and plant feed accounts for 60%-70%. Animal feed with water temperature of 2 1-23℃ accounts for 50% each; When the water temperature exceeds 24℃, 60%-70% of animal bait is added. The specific feeding amount can be flexibly controlled according to the water temperature, water quality and weather conditions. In March, the feeding amount was1%-2% of the total weight of loach; The feeding amount is 3%-6% of the total weight of loach; In July and August, the feeding amount can be increased to 6%-7% of the total weight of loach, and it will gradually decrease to 3% of the total weight of loach in September. When the water temperature is higher than 30℃ or lower than 10℃, the feed should be reduced or not. The water temperature is suitable for feeding loach once every morning, noon and evening, so that loach can have a small appetite. Feed loach twice a day when the water temperature is low. Feeding should be "four fixed" and "four looking".
3.2 Water quality control
The water quality requires "fat, lively, tender and refreshing." Yellow-green is the best water color with a transparency of 20-30cm. When the transparency is more than 30cm, apply 20㎏667 m2 of organic fertilizer each time to increase the natural food organisms of the loach such as copepods and cladocera in the pond; When the transparency is less than 20 cm, topdressing should be stopped or reduced. In the hot season, fresh water is often injected, some old water is replaced, and the aerator is turned on regularly.
3.3 Daily management
Patrol the pond every morning, noon and evening, keep abreast of the water level, water quality and loach feeding, and handle problems in time when found. Weeds near the pond should be removed frequently at ordinary times, chlorine dioxide should be used every 15d in high temperature season, quicklime should be sprayed all over the pond every 7d, and microbial preparation 1-2 times a month should be applied in the middle and late period of culture. Check the escape prevention facilities frequently, repair the loopholes in time, treat fish diseases in time, and keep a breeding diary.
4. Benefit analysis
* * * Breeding 150 days, commercial shrimps are harvested every 667 ㎏, the price is 18 yuan/kg, and the sales income is 32,760 yuan. After deducting the cost of 22,700 yuan per mu, the feed fee is 667.11600 yuan.
4. Preventive measures
1. As far as seed stocking is concerned, large seeds should be put as much as possible, resulting in high survival rate and large weight gain multiple. More importantly, this big seed rarely suffers from ring rot, even if it is infected, it is easy to treat and the mortality rate is not high.
2. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is raised in the pond, and it is not fed for two days after it enters the pond, and then fed after loach seedlings adapts to the environment. At first, powdered feed splashed around the pool, and the feeding place was gradually fixed on the food table.
3. Loach is good at running away. Always check whether the fish-stopping facilities are damaged, and take measures in time when the situation is found. In addition, attention should also be paid to killing and expelling enemy creatures.
How to safely overwinter loach in soilless culture pond
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is particularly sensitive to water temperature. When the water temperature drops to about 5℃, the loach burrows into the mud and begins to hibernate and overwinter. But the weather is cold, how can loach in soilless culture pond spend the winter safely?
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in the soilless culture pond could not get into the mud to avoid the cold, so it had to hide in the water grass. However, even if the selected aquatic plants do not wither in winter, the temperature in the aquatic plants in winter is not high, and the loach is still easy to freeze to death. In order to make loach overwinter safely and grow normally, it is necessary to raise the water temperature. An effective way to improve the water temperature of loach culture pond is to buckle the greenhouse in the loach culture pond. This can increase the temperature of the pool water and prolong the growth period of loach. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is still active in feeding in greenhouse and grows rapidly. In this way, the breeding time in winter can be extended by two months, and in early spring it can be advanced by two months. By retaining the greenhouse, the breeding time is increased by four months a year, which greatly improves the benefit of loach breeding.
In addition, the loach breeding pond is locked in the greenhouse, which is also beneficial to the breeding of loach seedlings in the coming year. Because the breeding of loach is mainly in April-May, if it can be accelerated in winter, it can be propagated in order in advance, which is beneficial to artificial seedling raising.
Types and construction of loach pond
Loach ponds can be divided into brick ponds or cement ponds, mud ponds, ponds and swamp reconstruction ponds, and their construction methods are as follows:
Brick pool or cement pool. Dig the earthen pond according to the design first, and smooth the wall around the pond with cement board or brick cement. The depth of the pool is 1.0- 1.4m, 60-80cm below the water level, and the area is 30- 100m2. The bottom of the pond shall be leveled with cement or tamped with stone slag, and a dry soil layer of 20-30cm shall be laid. Dig a sump with an area of several square meters and a depth of 20 cm near the drain to facilitate fishing. Note: Anti-escape device should be installed at the drain.
Second, the earthen pool. The wall and bottom of the pond need not be paved with Shi Zhuan, but compacted. The pool mouth is off the ground 10cm, and the water inlet is below the top surface of the pool wall 15cm, which is located at one end of the pool. The water inlet and outlet are generally made of concrete, such as cement structure is more ideal. Wire mesh or nylon mesh must be laid at the entrance and exit to prevent escape. The wall of the pond should be compacted and the slope should be small to prevent loach from escaping upstream in heavy rain. Tamp the bottom of the pond, spread 30-40cm thick pond mud, or put new soil and apply base fertilizer to make the soil fertile. If the area of the loach pond is too large, you can dig a 1㎡ square fish pit with a depth of 30cm at the bottom of the pond near the drain, or dig a ditch with a width of 50cm, a length of 200cm and a depth of 30cm, so as to use loach in summer and fishing. If possible, it is best to lay a layer of linoleum on the bottom of the pool, and then lay a layer of plastic film on the bottom and around the pool, and pile 30-40cm thick silt or organic soil layer on the film.
After the loach culture pond is completed, some aquatic plants, such as water lilies and duckweeds, can be planted in the pond.
Third, pond reconstruction. It's easy to rebuild loach breeding ponds by using ponds, so special attention should be paid to building escape prevention devices, tamping pond ridges and plugging loopholes, so that the water depth is often controlled at about 60cm. Aquatic crops such as lotus root and water bamboo can be planted in the pool, which can not only shade the sun, but also increase income, killing two birds with one stone.
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is a warm-water fish, which lives in the range of 15-30℃, and the optimum water temperature is 24-27℃. It is easy for farmers to build ponds to cultivate loach, with less investment, quick effect and easy operation.
1. Build a pool: build a pool in front of the house and around the yard, which can shelter from the wind and sun with water. The pool is generally of masonry structure, and its depth is about 1 m. After the pool is built, it should be leveled with cement, dried and then put into the mud. 5 feet, inject clean water 1 foot, and you can put the seeds.
Second, seed sowing: after the pool is built, put 1- 1 per square meter. Five catties counts as loach seedlings. Seedlings can be purchased in the market or propagated and captured by themselves; In any case, we should choose a robust and harmless loach seedlings with uniform size, and match it according to the proportion of three females and one male. The method of male and female identification can be observed by its appearance: male head tip, narrow and long pectoral fin, body thickness as tail end, and bone piece at the base of tail tip fin; The female's head is oval and flat. Female loach has strong oviposition ability. A female loach can lay more than 4000 eggs from early summer to early autumn, usually 2-3 times a year, laying more than 4000 eggs 10000.
3. Feeding: As loach is an omnivorous fish, cow dung, rice bran, or wheat and fly maggots can be used as bait, generally three times a day. The feeding amount is generally determined according to the feeding situation.
Fertilization: In the process of loach feeding, some organic fertilizers can be properly supplemented, but the fertilization must not be too frequent, and the pool water should be changed frequently, usually once every 10- 15 days.
5. Catch: To catch loach, first of all, we should drain the water in the pond, and adopt the method of catching large and letting small to ensure that there is a certain amount of loach seedlings in the pond, which is conducive to secondary culture and high yield.
note:
1, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Monopterus albus should not be mixed in the same pool, because Monopterus albus will swallow Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Loach is put in the eel pond to prevent the eels from intertwining.
2. The side wall of the pool must be about 1.5 feet above the water surface, because the loach is active to prevent it from escaping.
3. Urban residents and families who have no conditions to build ponds can also raise them in tanks and pots.
Summer solstice is the best time for breeding and planting, so we should hurry to sow. The loach is very smooth, and there are no rivers, reservoirs, lakes, ponds, ditches or rice fields.
Misgurnus likes to fish under the water or out of the mud, so we should fish according to that characteristic. Before autumn, when the water temperature is high, put the fried rice bran into the fish basket and immerse it in the bottom of the water to lure the loach to catch it. In addition, put a fishing net near the water inlet and put the loach into the water from the water inlet, because it has no habit of countercurrent and avoiding labor, it will automatically gather near the water inlet.
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is a pure feeding fish, but it has various feeding habits in the undeveloped stage. For loach seedlings whose body length is less than 5 cm, floating animals such as "fish worms" should be fed next; For long bodies with a body length of 5-8 cm, it is best to assimilate them from long worms such as dragonflies and maggots and feed them with rice bran. Adults with a body length of more than 8 cm should feed cooked rice bran.
"Fish can't live without water", but loach won't die soon without water. If you put it in a basin without water, it will open its mouth and swallow the air from time to time. Originally, loach can breathe with the help of intestinal women besides gills. The air swallowed from the mouth will destroy the intestinal women, and the capillaries on the intestinal wall will receive the oxygen inside, while the waste gas will be discharged from the body by * *. This shows that loach is anoxic.
The loach can forecast the weather. Take a colorless and bright glass bottle, put some mud at the bottom of the bottle, and put 2/3 water in the bottle, and then put the loach outside the bottle for culture. Every day, the loach lies at the bottom of the water, which means it is very quiet. If I suddenly find it flying up and down in the bottle, I will be very upset and can accurately predict that the storm is coming. Matters needing attention are low air pressure, high humidity, sultry weather and water outside.
Key points of loach culture technology in rice field
The paddy field where loach is raised requires weak acid soil, and the ridge should be widened and reinforced to prevent loach from drilling out. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus can burrow into mud when rice fields are short of water and fall into dry fields, and even when other fish are difficult to survive, and use intestinal respiration to maintain life. Therefore, it is one of the ideal fish to choose loach for "fish farming in rice fields". Generally, loach cultured in rice field is not specially fed and fertilized, so the stocking amount should not be too large. Generally speaking, it is appropriate to stock about 30,000 loaches per 0.07 hectare. In order to improve the survival rate, it is best to raise the seedlings for one year. If raised well, 250g loach can be harvested per square meter, which is equivalent to more than 0.07 ha 150kg.
Loach culture technology _ soilless loach culture technology _ rice field loach culture technology
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