Policy is the code of conduct of state organs or political party organizations formulated by the state or political party to realize the line and tasks in a certain historical period.
The essence is institutional change or innovation, and the reform dividend refers to the benefits brought by institutional change or innovation.
After the introduction of the 1. policy, it entered an unexpected failure state after experiencing the early failure stage. The reasons for the early failure of the policy are the resistance of traditional habits, people's ignorance of the policy and the defects of the policy itself, which makes the failure rate of the policy high in the early stage of implementation.
2. Accidental failure means that after a period of implementation pain, with people's understanding and recognition of the policy and the self-improvement of the policy itself, the implementation process gradually enters a normal state, at which time the policy function can be fully exerted. Although the failure still exists, the failure rate is the lowest.
3. After this stage, with the change of subjective and objective conditions, the policy began to age, and the failure rate gradually increased, so it is necessary to adjust and modify the existing policy or formulate a new policy.
Policy refers to the goals, principles of action, clear tasks, working methods, general steps and specific measures that state organs, party organizations and other social and political groups should achieve in a certain historical period in order to realize the interests and will of the classes and strata they represent, and standardize them in an authoritative form.
This policy has the following characteristics:
(1) class property. Is the most fundamental feature of this policy. In a class society, policies only represent the interests of a specific class, never represent the interests of all members of society, and do not reflect the will of all.
2 correctness. The policies of any class and its subjects are right and wrong.
3 timeliness. Policy is a realistic policy implemented in a certain period of history and national conditions.
4 expressiveness. As far as the form of expression is concerned, policy is not a material entity, but an idea and information externalized as a symbol. By the competent department in words, words and other expressions. As a national policy, it is generally divided into two parts: internal and external. Domestic policies include financial and economic policies, cultural and educational policies, military policies, labor policies, religious policies and ethnic policies. Foreign policy is foreign policy. Policy is the code of conduct of state organs or political party organizations formulated by the state or political party to realize the line and tasks in a certain historical period.
The essence is institutional change or innovation, and the reform dividend refers to the benefits brought by institutional change or innovation. Reform is a process from institutional equilibrium to institutional imbalance and then to institutional equilibrium. When there is institutional imbalance, the "profit" opportunity of the new institutional arrangement will appear. If the expected income of institutional change is greater than the expected cost, it is possible to realize Pareto improvement through institutional change. At this point, the emergence of the new system will turn potential interests into real interests, thus forming a reform dividend. Broadly speaking, China's "reform dividend" refers to the sum total of all beneficial achievements that the country has brought to the development and progress of human society through system reform and mechanism innovation. Reform is the source of power for the economic and social development of contemporary China. To realize the sustainable development of economy, only material capital, technological progress, human capital and resource endowment are not enough, and continuous institutional changes are needed to provide impetus.
The practice of reform and opening up for more than 30 years has proved that we must rely on reform to solve the problem of incompatibility between production relations and productivity development and ensure sustained and healthy economic development. For example, the reform of rural household contract responsibility system has activated rural productivity, liberated agricultural labor force and broken the long-term stagnation of agricultural production. Reform is the main means to promote various factors to create new dividends.
Among the factors that affect economic development, such as labor, capital, natural resources, technological innovation and institutional arrangements, institutional arrangements are in the most important position. On the one hand, the system can coordinate capital, and the appropriate system can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of capital owners and users, thus accelerating capital circulation and regeneration and accelerating economic development; On the other hand, institutional arrangements that can effectively protect property rights can promote the division of labor and cooperation among individuals, individuals and organizations, and organizations, mobilize the enthusiasm of owners of various elements to the greatest extent, and promote technological innovation and productivity development. So reform is the biggest dividend. What dividends can the reform bring to improve the efficiency of resource allocation?
Since the reform and opening-up, the deepening of reform has improved the efficiency of resource allocation, which has led to the continuous outflow of social wealth, from "planned economy as the mainstay, supplemented by market regulation" to "planned commodity economy" and then to "establishing a socialist market economic system". Specifically, the rural household contract responsibility system, the shareholding system reform of state-owned enterprises and the tax-sharing system reform are implemented. , so that the basic role of the market in allocating resources is more and more fully played, and the allocation of resources is constantly optimized, which stimulates the vitality of the market and promotes the leap-forward development of the economy. Improve total factor productivity. China's economy has maintained an average annual growth rate of nearly 10% since 1980s, which largely depends on the improvement of total factor productivity. The research shows that the reform has played a key role in improving the total factor productivity. For example, the reform of rural economic system has improved the efficiency of agricultural labor production; Reform has accelerated the process of industrialization and promoted the transfer of rural surplus labor from agriculture to industry. Because the industrial production efficiency is higher than that of agriculture, the total factor productivity has been improved.
Legal basis:
Company Law of the People's Republic of China
Article 167 The premium paid by a joint stock limited company for issuing shares at an issue price exceeding the par value of the shares and other income listed in the capital reserve fund as stipulated by the financial department of the State Council shall be included in the company's capital reserve fund.
Article 168 The company's common reserve fund shall be used to make up the company's losses, expand the company's production and operation, or be converted to increase the company's capital. However, the capital reserve fund shall not be used to make up the company's losses. When the statutory reserve fund is converted into capital, the retained reserve fund shall not be less than 25% of the registered capital of the company before the transfer.