It is a universal and normative criterion in the field of curriculum.
Features: universality, fuzziness and command, which can be widely used in all educational practices.
Function: It has universal guiding value for all disciplines.
Advantages: directionality and compulsion.
Disadvantages: vague, general, lack of certain scientific basis, fuzzy logic, and certain randomness.
For example, Plato wants to cultivate a king of philosophy; Locke's gentleman education; China cultivates people with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty.
2. Behavior goals
Emphasize the specific behavior of students in learning.
Features: operability, concreteness and accuracy.
Function: Comparability between different schools and the same subject is helpful for teachers to grasp the teaching objectives and direction.
Advantages: accurate, concrete and operable.
Disadvantages: ignoring the content that is difficult to quantify and evaluate is not conducive to cultivating a complete person, and the goal before behavior may not be suitable for the teaching situation.
For example: can accurately say Newton's law; Can pronounce and spell cats and dogs correctly.
Step 3 generate goals
Refers to the goal that is naturally generated with the development of the educational process in the educational scene.
Features: process-oriented, focusing on interaction.
Function: In the teaching process, both teachers and students are naturally generated.
Advantages: Pay attention to students' interests, personalities and abilities, and regard education as a process.
Disadvantages: High demands are placed on teachers, and the effectiveness needs to be improved, which brings a lot of extra work to teachers.
For example: Dewey's education is growth; Steinhaus's process model; Humanistic curriculum theory is the ultimate development of generative goals.
4. Performance objectives
It means that because each student has different experiences, they will have different ideas and understandings when they see the same knowledge point.
Characteristics: individual differences.
Function: Promote the formation of students' individual health and pay attention to diversity.
Advantages: Give full play to students' initiative and subjectivity.
Disadvantages: the expression is too vague to ensure that students master a certain subject.
For example, after reading Red and Black, list five things that impressed you the most and exchange views.
To sum up, the universal goal is universal, and every subsequent action must meet this goal; Behavioral goals are quantifiable and preset; The generative goal is to interact with students, which can only be formed in the process, not preset; Achievement goals focus on students' diversified and personalized performance, and there are no good rules to restrain students.