The practical knowledge of first aid and self-help may not be very standardized, but it can play a basic role in the rescue, and it may not be possible to completely complete the rescue, but at least it can buy time for the rescue. Practical knowledge of first aid and self-help.
Practical first aid and self-rescue knowledge 1 self-rescue treatment and practical first aid knowledge
Traumatic hemorrhage
1, rest
No matter what kind of trauma, no matter how heavy, the injured should lie down or sit down and rest.
Step 2 lift the wound
Making the injured area higher than the heart level can reduce the outflow of blood. If the wound is dirty, you can use clean cold water or warm water, or gently wash it with bottled water, or wash the wound with normal saline. Never use hot water or treat wounds with alcohol, sodium iodide, mercuric chloride, hydrogen peroxide or similar substances. These potions will irritate the wound and really hurt.
3. Direct oppression
Wash your hands before stopping bleeding to prevent infection. If you don't know the health status of the injured, you'd better wear gloves to prevent any possible infectious diseases. Hold the wound tightly with sterile gauze or clean cloth for at least five minutes. If the bleeding slows down or stops, use a tape to fix the hemostatic material on the wound. If there are any signs of shock, call the emergency number 120 while stopping bleeding.
4. Foreign body in wound
If something gets stuck in the wound or even in the body, don't take it out. Pulling it out may make the bleeding worse. At this time, it is necessary to cover the injured part with sterile gauze, and be careful not to make the foreign body deeper. Bypass the foreign body, wrap the wound back and forth with an "8" bandage, and seek medical attention immediately so as to take out the foreign body and treat the wound.
Severe scald
Call 120 immediately or go to the nearest hospital in time. According to Tianjin residents, the nearest TEDA hospital is overcrowded. The injured can go to Tanggu Hospital in the port to give necessary on-site first aid.
1, don't tear off the burning underwear, quickly put out the flame and leave the fire. Underwear soaked in hydrothermal solution can be cut off after a cold shower, but don't tear it off forcibly to avoid secondary injury.
2. Don't soak a large area of deep burns in cold water, so as not to cause a sharp drop in body temperature and blood pressure, leading to shock.
3. Observe whether the injured person has shock (breathing, coughing or exercising). If the injured person stops breathing or heartbeat, CPR should be performed urgently.
4. Raise the burned limb as high as possible above the heart.
5. When covering the burn wound, you can use a breathable and moist sterile bandage, a clean wet cloth or a wet towel.
Special reminder, if it is a hand burn, you must remove the ring and other accessories while cooling down, otherwise the swelling may lead to finger necrosis.
Slight scald
1, cooling:
You can use tap water or bottled water to wash, cold compress and soak the wound, or you can use a towel wrapped with ice (ice is not allowed to be directly applied to the wound).
The best duration of cold therapy is 10 to 15 minutes or until the wound is painless or the pain is obviously relieved.
Cold therapy can reduce temperature, relieve pain and reduce local swelling.
2. Protection:
Do not use cotton or other dressings that can stick to the open wound of the affected area, and the coverage should not be too tight. Covering with sterile gauze can keep the wound clean, relieve pain and protect skin blisters.
3. Relieve the pain:
Such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen or acetaminophen. It is recommended to carefully read the precautions and adverse reactions in the instructions before use, or consult a professional doctor.
Shallow burns can generally be cured without further treatment.
After healing, there may be pigmentation in the affected area, which means that the color here will be different from the surrounding skin. Observe the wound for signs of infection. If the wound pain is aggravated, redness, fever, swelling or exudation appear, seek medical attention as soon as possible.
note:
A, don't squeeze the affected area, tear open the blister. Because you have bacteria on your hands, you can't perform aseptic operation like a doctor. Squeezing or tearing blisters is more likely to cause wound infection.
B. Do not apply egg white, butter or ointment to the affected area to avoid infection;
C, don't directly use ice to compress the wound! Putting ice cubes directly on the wound surface will cause further damage to the wound surface due to the sudden drop of temperature;
If it is serious, or it hurts hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks or major joints, it must be treated as a deep burn and seek emergency medical treatment.
Injection of tetanus vaccine: Whether a burn patient is complicated with tetanus does not depend on the size of the burn area, but on the depth and injury of the burn. Anyone with deep burns or serious pollution must take measures to prevent tetanus when injured.
What you should know about first aid.
Hemorrhage first aid
1, bandage hemostasis method: directly apply bandage, triangle towel, tourniquet and other items to the wound or ligate a certain part.
2. Finger pressing to stop bleeding: After the bleeding of the aorta, the thumb presses above the bleeding blood vessel (near the heart) to close the blood vessel and interrupt the blood. However, each press shall not exceed 10 minute.
3, general arteriole and venous bleeding, application of tourniquet to stop bleeding. In an emergency, the bleeding must be stopped by compression first.
Second, the first aid of respiratory and cardiac arrest
1. Artificial chest compression: the patient lies on his back, the rescuer is on the patient's side, his hands overlap with the palm roots in the middle of the breast, his arms are straight, and he presses hard to make the sternum sink 4-5cm, and then relaxes. Pressing time and relaxation time should be equal. After the first extrusion and relaxation, proceed to the next one.
2. Artificial respiration: The rescuer is located at the side of the patient's head and holds the patient's nose. Blow deeply and quickly, with each blowing volume of 800- 1200ml. After blowing once, loosen your nose or gently press your chest with your hand to help the gas escape.
3. After every 30 cardiac compressions, perform artificial respiration twice, repeatedly and alternately.
Third, fracture first aid
1. limb fracture: fix the upper and lower joints of the broken bone with splint, wooden stick and bamboo pole to prevent the fracture site from moving.
2, open fracture: accompanied by massive bleeding, first stop bleeding, then fix, and cover the wound with a clean cloth and send it to the doctor.
3. Suspected cervical spine injury: After the injured person lies flat, place sandbags on both sides of his head to keep his neck still.
4. Lumbar spine: put the wounded on a hardwood board and fix the lumbar trunk and lower limbs together.
5. Send a doctor quickly.
Fourth, electric shock first aid
1, cut off the power quickly.
2. If the patient is still on the creeper, push the electrocuted person away with dry insulation.
3. Before cutting off the power supply, the ambulance personnel should not directly pull the person who gets an electric shock by hand.
4. If you are in a coma. Perform artificial respiration and chest compressions immediately.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) First aid for burns and scalds.
1, burn wounds, immediately rinse with water, with a clean cloth. After eye burns, rinse with normal saline, then remove foreign bodies with cotton swabs and drop 0,25% chloramphenicol eye drops. When dressing hands and feet, fingers (toes) should be separated to prevent adhesion.
2. After being scalded by liquid, immediately subtract the soaked clothes. If the clothes and meat are too tight, don't tear them off by force, first subtract the non-adhesive parts.
3. In case of water shortage, you can take light salt water and tea salt water for many times.
4, large area burns (more than 40%) if vomiting, fasting within 24 hours, thirsty when a small amount of water can be used to infiltrate the mouth.
5, second-degree and third-degree burns, promptly sent to the hospital for rescue. There are few bumps on the road, so keep warm and take oxygen infusion.
Six, fire
1. In case of fire, call the police immediately, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel, and leave the fire quickly without taking the elevator.
2, the body is on fire, you can soak in water, lie down and roll to put out the fire, never stand and run.
3. When there is a fire at the top and it is impossible to escape, you should temporarily escape to the balcony, or you can use the closed stairwell in the building to avoid danger.
If all the safe passages are cut off, you can close the doors and windows after entering the bathroom and fill the bathtub with water, so that you can put out the fire or take refuge in the water.
5. When the forest is on fire, cover your head with soaked clothes, choose a place where the fire is weak, and rush out of the fire against the fire dragon.
Practical knowledge of first aid and self-help II. self-help
1. When drowning happens and you are unfamiliar with the water, you can take self-help measures: in addition to calling for help, you should lie on your back with your head down so that your nose can breathe out of the water. Shallow exhalation and deep inhalation. Because when inhaling deeply, the specific gravity of human body drops to 0.967, which is slightly lighter than water and can surface. Don't panic at this time, don't raise your arms and pat, so that your body sinks faster.
2. Swimmers, if they have calf cramps, should keep calm, take a backstroke posture, bend the toes of the cramped legs backwards with their hands to release the cramps, and then slowly swim to the shore or float on the water to wait for rescue.
Second, mutual help.
1. If you can't swim and find someone drowning, you should immediately call the police for help: call 120 to briefly explain the number and location of drowning to rescuers so as to facilitate rescue work. Also: put in boards, lifebuoys, long poles, etc. So that the drowning person can climb ashore.
2. The drowning person should keep calm and take off his coat, shoes and boots. As far as possible, and quickly swim to the vicinity of the drowning person, observe the position clearly, and rescue from the rear. Or throw boards, lifebuoys, long poles, etc. So that the drowning person can climb ashore.
3. After the drowning person is rescued ashore, the vomit, sediment and other sundries in the oral cavity and nasopharyngeal cavity should be removed immediately to keep breathing unobstructed; Put the drowning person on the folded thigh, let the drowning person lie on the rescuer's shoulder, make his head and feet droop, and do the action of "pouring water" by walking or jumping. The pouring time should not be too long, and artificial respiration should be carried out immediately after spitting.
If the drowning person's breathing and heartbeat have stopped, it is the key to the success of first aid to give artificial respiration immediately and massage the chest at the same time. Artificial respiration should be performed immediately. Mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration and cardiac pacing can be used, and they should be sent to hospital for treatment at the same time as first aid.
Practical knowledge of first aid and self-help 3 1. What are the basic principles of emergency self-help and mutual rescue for field workers in case of disasters and accidents?
1. Evacuate the disaster area quickly: When a major disaster or accident occurs, the disaster area does not have emergency rescue conditions, or the rescue accident may endanger the safety of rescuers themselves, you should evacuate the scene quickly, avoid to a safe place or evacuate to the well.
2. Report the disaster situation in time: At the initial stage of the disaster accident, the field workers should try their best to understand and judge the nature, location and degree of the accident, and report the disaster situation to the mine dispatching room in time while actively and safely eliminating or controlling the accident, and issue a warning to the personnel in the area where the accident may affect.
3. Actively eliminate disasters: take advantage of the site conditions, take active and effective measures and methods, put into on-site rescue in time, eliminate the accident in the initial stage or control it in the minimum range, and minimize the losses caused by the accident. Rescuers should do "three first and three later" (that is, "save the survivors first, then save the dead; Rescue the seriously injured first, and then the slightly injured; For the injured workers who suffocate or have a heartbeat, stop breathing soon, bleed or fracture, they should be resuscitated, stopped bleeding and fixed before being transported.
4. Proper and safe disaster avoidance: When the disaster avoidance route is blocked due to roof caving, water accumulation, fire or harmful gas, etc., and the on-site workers cannot retreat, or the self-rescuer cannot reach a safe place within the effective working hours, they should quickly enter the refuge chamber and a safer place in the disaster area, or enter the temporary refuge chamber under rapid construction to carry out self-help and mutual rescue, properly and safely avoid disasters, strive to maintain and improve living conditions, and wait for rescue.
Second, the coal mining face or other locations permeable omen:
1, the top plate is compressed and the bottom plate is raised.
2. The sprinkling water is increased.
3, hang red and sweat.
4. Cracks appear out of the water and make a hissing sound.
5, the water color is turbid.
6. The air turned cold and fog appeared.
7. There is a bad smell. The harmful gases in the stagnant water area mainly include hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and gas. The taste of hydrogen sulfide is similar to rotten eggs.
Three, filter self-rescuer use matters needing attention:
1, the self-rescuer must be worn in a safe place before it can be removed. Never take it off just because it feels dry and hot.
2, wearing a self-rescuer to operate quickly and accurately in place.
3. The filter self-rescuer can only be used for escape, and cannot be worn for other work.
4. When wearing a self-rescuer to escape, don't talk, and contact with gestures when necessary; And don't run, walk at a constant speed and keep breathing evenly.
5. Prevent the nose clip from being knocked off on the way. In case of touching the nose clip, it is necessary to control not to breathe through the nostrils and quickly clamp the nose clip.
6. When there are signs of fire or gas or coal dust explosion in the underground, you must wear the self-rescuer immediately and leave the scene immediately. Don't wait until you see smoke.
Four, harmful gas poisoning or suffocation injury workers on-site first aid:
After gas, coal dust explosion or fire accident occurs underground, a large amount of carbon monoxide will be produced, which will poison people; Sometimes coal and gas outburst causes high concentration gas to fill the roadway; Or after roof caving and water seepage, harmful gas in goaf will flood into roadway, which will also cause poisoning or suffocation.
1, quickly lift the poisoned or asphyxiated workers to a place with fresh air and good surrounding support. In the process of treatment, if it is still threatened by harmful gas, emergency personnel must wear self-rescuer and injured workers should also wear self-rescuer;
2. Try to remove the mucus, blood clots, broken coal gangue and other impurities in the mouth and nose of the injured worker, untie his coat and belt, take off his rubber shoes, and keep warm properly to prevent colds;
3. For the injured workers who are poisoned or suffocated, if the breathing is weak or has stopped, artificial respiration should be carried out. If their heart stops beating, chest compressions or both should be taken at the same time to restore their breathing and heartbeat.
4, emergency personnel in the first aid, must be calm, quick action, in the first aid at the same time, you can request the mine to send a doctor for treatment.
Five, the general principles of dealing with roof caving:
1, first outside and then inside: first check the integrity of the support within 5 meters outside the edge of the roof caving area, and if there is any problem, it must be dealt with in advance, and then deal with the support in the roof caving area;
2. Support before dismantling: when replacing or centralizing the support, you must first make a temporary support or assume a new support, and then you must dismantle the original damaged and inclined support;
3. Go up first and then down: when dealing with roof caving in inclined roadway, it should start from the upper end of the roof caving area and then gradually go down to prevent the roof caving gangue, materials from rolling down and the support from falling down and injuring the rescuers below;
4, near first, then far: If there are multiple roof falls in the same roadway, we must insist on dealing with the one near the safety exit first, and then deal with other places far away from the safety exit. It is forbidden to deal with two or more roof caving at the same time, so as to ensure that there is a clear evacuation route to retreat to a safe place in the event of secondary roof caving.
Six, the retreat point in the high temperature smoke roadway:
After a fire accident in a mine, a large amount of high-temperature smoke will be produced, the main component of which is carbon monoxide, which will cause poisoning, suffocation and even death after inhalation. Smoke will block people's sight and it is easy to get lost when retreating. At the same time, high temperature and smog can lead to heatstroke and burns. When retreating, you should do the following:
1. In general, don't retreat in the direction of smoking. Under special circumstances, such as there is an exit from the disaster area nearby, when you are sure to escape, or when you retreat against the smoke and there is only hope of survival, you retreat in the direction of the smoke.
2. Don't run upright when retreating in high-temperature smoke roadway. When the smoke is not serious, try to bend over and move forward quickly with your head down; When the smoke is heavy, the line of sight is unclear or the temperature is high, stick it on the floor and side of the roadway as far as possible, and climb out quickly by touching the railway, pipeline or shed leg.