Modern biotechnology (bioengineering): including genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, fermentation engineering, etc., of which genetic engineering is the core technology.
In 1953, Watson and Crick *** with the dna molecule of the double helix structure, marking the development of biological science into the stage of molecular biology.
Darwin (Charles robert darwin, 1809-1882) British
Museum scientist, founder of the theory of evolution.
World's Endangered Wild and Rare Animals--Black-necked Crane
Scientific Name: grus nigricollis
English Name: black-necked crane
Crane Family: gruidae
Distribution: In Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou; breeds in Qinghai, Tibet, Gansu, etc.
State-level protected animal
Endangered wildlife: take-off of a king eider stig frode olsen (Norway).jpg
Typical structure of a nerve cell
7. Daily requirement of essential amino acids
Amino acids 3-6 months Infants 10-12 Children Adults
Histidine 28 - -
Lysine 103 60 12
Leucine 161 45 14
Isoleucine 70 30 10
Methionine + Cystine 58 27 13
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine 125 27 14
Threonine 87 35 7
Tryptophan 17 4 4
Valine 93 33 10
Total 742,261,84
8. Introduction to "Biological Missile" Therapy
With the advancement of advances in cell hybridoma technology, it is now possible to prepare anti-tumor specific monoclonal antibodies. People use monoclonal antibodies that can bind to tumor cells as the "guidance system" or carrier, and anti-cancer substances, such as chemotherapeutic drugs, isotopes, or cytolysin (lysin) as the "warhead", to prepare a "biomissile". biological missile".
9. Introduction to Sendai virus
Sendai virus is widely used for the formation of heterokaryosomes and the cultivation of hybrid cells because of its ability to fuse various cells.
10. Types of anemia
a. Nutritional anemia
b. Hemolytic anemia (partly hereditary hemolytic anemia)
c. Hemorrhagic anemia
11. Post-genome era, countries compete for the high ground in life sciences
(a) U.S.A. continues to lead the way in post-genome research: The Human Genome Project was initiated by the United States, and 54% of its research was done by the United States. The Human Genome Project was initially proposed by the United States, and 54% of the work was undertaken by the United States. A total of $103 million has been provided
(ii) Japan is trying to win the post-genome battle: a budget of 81.416 billion yen
(iii) The UK continues to make post-genome research a priority: a budget of 54.3 million pounds sterling has been allocated
(iv) China is increasing its investment in post-genome research: 600 million yuan has been invested
(v) The German government decided in May 2004 to invest in post-genome research: a budget of $104 million has been allocated. The German government decided in May 2004 to allocate an additional 135 million euros by 2007 for follow-up research on the human genome
(vi) The Canadian Genome Agency has contributed 15 million Canadian dollars. Norway allocates a minimum of 300 million Norwegian kroner per year into functional genome research.
12.12 common pollutants
1) Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
2) Suspended particulate matter (e.g., dust, smog)
3) Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
4) Carbon monoxide (CO)
5) Volatile organic compounds (e.g., benzene, hydrocarbons, formaldehyde)
< p>6) photochemical oxides (eg: ozone o3)7) toxic trace organic pollutants (eg: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins (dioxins)
8) heavy metals (eg: lead, cadmium)
9) toxic chemicals (eg: chlorine, ammonia, fluoride)
10) unpleasant odors
11) radioactive substances
12) Greenhouse gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons)
13. List of the world's deadliest poisons
Anthrax Causes an acute, septic infectious disease
Marburg virus The causative agent of the Marburg haemorrhagic fever
Horse-drunken wood Rhododendron, family Rhododendronaceae, with neurotoxins
Deadcap mushrooms Containing several dangerous substances. It contains several dangerous substances, including deadly toxins
Stonefish The most venomous and unsightly sea creature, also known as the venomous centipede
Landlocked pit viper The world's top ten most venomous snakes
Botulinum toxin The most poisonous of all the known microbial toxins
Dioxin One of the most poisonous compounds known
Ricin The highly poisonous chemical extracted from castor beans. A highly toxic chemical extracted from castor seeds
Arsenic What is often called arsenic
14. How can we eat safely today?
The "four precautions" principle:
Prevention of small: unbranded, small workshop production and processing of food, such as roadside stalls
Prevention of loose: bulk food
Prevention of low: the price of food is too low
Prevention of abnormal: abnormal form of food:
The five eating
First, do not drink too much alcohol, because excessive alcohol consumption can promote tumor growth;
Second, do not consume too much high-fat diet, too greasy food will promote the growth of tumors, such as colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, etc.;
Third, the consumption of pickled foods in moderation, nitrites into the stomach will be formed amine nitrite, which is a confirmed carcinogen;
Third, the consumption of pickled foods, nitrite into the stomach will form amines, and amines are the most common carcinogens, which are the cause of cancer. Amine is a confirmed carcinogen;
Fourth, do not eat moldy food;
Fifth, eat less fried and spicy food.
15. Types, Roles and Sources of Vitamins
Vitamin a
Physiological roles:
1. constitutes the optic choroid and maintains dark adaptation;
2. maintains epithelial cell health;
Diseases of Deficiency:
1. night blindness;
2. dry skin and keratotic hair follicles;
3. dry eye and corneal softness
Food sources: liver, egg yolk, cod liver oil, milk fat, green leafy vegetables, carrots, corn and other vitamin d
Physiological role: 1, increase calcium and phosphorus absorption in the small intestine; 2, regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Deficiency diseases: 1, rickets in children; 2 adults with osteomalacia
Food sources: 1, cod liver oil, liver, Egg yolk, milk fat; 2, ultraviolet radiation
Vitamin b1
Physiological role: is a component of decarboxylating coenzymes, involved in the process of glucose metabolism
Deficiency disease: foot fungus
Food sources: cereals, croup, legumes, dried fruits, animal livers, lean meat and eggs
Vitamin b2
Physiological Role: Involved in the body's biological oxidation function
Deficiency diseases: oral, skin and eye diseases
Food sources: green leafy vegetables, soybeans, wheat, animal offal, milk and eggs, croup
Vitamin b6
Physiological role: Involved in protein metabolism
Deficiency diseases: no typical deficiency
Disease: no typical deficiency
Disease: no typical deficiency
Disease: no typical deficiency
Food sources: croup, egg yolk, liver, cereals; synthesized by bacteria in the intestine
Vitamin b12
Physiological role: involved in the metabolism of the "one-carbon unit" to promote the maturation of erythrocytes
Disease of deficiency: megaloblastic anemia
Food sources: liver, lean meats; synthesized by bacteria in the intestine
Food sources: liver, lean meats; synthesized by bacteria in the intestine
Vitamin c
Physiological roles: 1, involved in the body oxidation-reduction reaction; 2, involved in the carboxylation reaction; 3, increase resistance; 4, other
Deficiency disease: scurvy
Food sources: citrus, fruits, and fresh leafy greens
Vitamin d
Physiological roles: 1, to improve the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the muscles and saturates plasma calcium and plasma phosphorus levels
2. Promotes growth and calcification of bones and sound teeth
3. Increases absorption of phosphorus through the intestinal wall and reabsorption of phosphorus through the renal tubules
4. Maintains normal levels of citrate in the blood
5. Prevents loss of amino acids through the kidneys
Deficiency diseases: the human body lack of vitamin D can cause rickets, hand and foot convulsions and chondromalacia.
Food sources: deep-sea fish, animal liver, egg yolks and lean meat; exposure to ultraviolet light, the body's cholesterol can be converted to vitamin d
Vitamin e
Physiological effects: 1, antioxidant effect; 2, inhibitor of certain enzymes; 3, related to collagen metabolism
Deficiency diseases: 1, megaloblastic hemolytic anemia 2, damage to the reproductive system of female and male animals
Food sources: 1, wheat germ oil, persimmon oil, corn oil, peanut oil. 2, green leafy vegetables. 3, meat, eggs, cream, cod liver oil
Vitamin K
Physiological role: to promote the synthesis of coagulation factors by the liver
Deficiency disorders: subcutaneous, muscular, gastrointestinal hemorrhaging
p>Food sources: liver, spinach; synthesized by intestinal bacteria
Vitamin pp
Physiological role: component of coenzymes; involved in biological oxidation processes
Deficiency disorders: mange
Food sources: croup, cereals, peanuts, beans, and liver
Folate
Physiological role: associated with protein and nucleic acid synthesis and Red blood cell and white blood cell synthesis
Deficiency disease: megaloblastic anemia
Food sources: liver, croup, green leafy vegetables; intestinal bacterial synthesis
16. 5 illnesses that are good for your health
Fever
Fever is defined as soon as the body temperature exceeds 37 degrees Celsius, and it is a measure of the body's resistance to pathogens. Pathogens invade the human body, the immune cell group to respond to the war, and its secretion of substances acting on the thermoregulatory center to make the body temperature rise. Medical research has confirmed that the immune cells will be able to fight with the increase in body temperature and enhance the ability, at the same time, high body temperature also reduces the concentration of iron ions in the blood, resulting in the growth of pathogens required for the supply of trace iron ions is insufficient to inhibit the development of the pathogens, which is the main force of the fight against the disease, the drug is only external help. So, if you take antipyretic drugs at the beginning of the fever, on the contrary, may aggravate the condition.
Cough
Cough is a protective reflex of the respiratory system, is the body's rapid "anti-inflammatory" method, the discharge of the respiratory tract inflammatory secretions and other wastes have a positive effect. If a cough with cough medicine, will aggravate the inflammation of the dirt are retained in the respiratory tract, is not conducive to the elimination of inflammation. When coughing, you should keep warm and hydrate a lot of water at the same time. Since coughs are sometimes neurotic, you can try to divert your attention while avoiding spicy foods such as peppers and onions that irritate the respiratory tract. If frequent coughing is accompanied by fever, chest pain, weight loss and other symptoms, you should seek immediate medical attention.
Nosebleeds
Nosebleeds are caused by the rupture of small blood vessels in the front of the nose. We can see this bleeding as a way for the body to "remove fire" itself. In traditional Chinese medicine treatment, there are also active needling and bloodletting to remove fire. When people drink less water, spicy food to eat more, as well as the environment is dry, the body "on fire", the body often choose their own weak nasal mucosa "to go on fire". So you don't have to worry about nosebleeds, the blood usually only flows out from one nostril, 90% of the bleeding will usually end on its own in a short period of time. However, if the nosebleed persists over a period of time, you should have it checked early. In this case, you can lean forward, follow the flow, and gently blot out the nosebleed with a tissue. For larger amounts, pinch the soft part of your nose for a few minutes, or lift the arm opposite the bleeding nostril to help stop the bleeding. Of course, if you have a lot of blood coming out of your nose, you should seek immediate medical attention, as this is often caused by hardening of the blood vessels in the body and high blood pressure.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea, especially when there is a foul odor in the excrement, is often the body is discharging toxins from food or other sources, and the premature use of antidiarrheal drugs, on the contrary, interferes with the body's self-defense and balance. When experiencing diarrhea, we can take a situational approach, such as drinking a cup of hot water, to help the intestines flush out toxins as quickly as possible. If you have severe diarrhea, frequent bowel movements, small bowel movements, cramping pain in the anus, or blood in the excreta, or accompanied by abdominal pain, fever, vomiting and other symptoms, you should seek immediate medical attention.
Vomiting
Vomiting is also to discharge substances harmful to the body in order to reduce absorption. If you use medication to stop the vomiting at this point, it will keep the harmful substances in your body and jeopardize your health. If you are a simple person, you should take the right amount of water to avoid water and electrolyte disorders. If also accompanied by gastrointestinal discomfort, in the hydration at the same time pay attention to massage the stomach and abdomen. Don't rush to eat after vomiting. You can move around a bit and let your body stretch before eating. If the vomiting recurs or is accompanied by abdominal pain, fever and other symptoms, you should immediately seek medical attention.
17. dna probe
Dna probe technology, also known as molecular hybridization technology, is a new technology that utilizes the denaturation of the dna molecule, complexity, and a high degree of precision in base complementary pairing to probe a specific dna sequence. It has a wide range of prospects in the diagnosis of clinical venereal disease pathogens.
Dna probes (including cdna probes) have three major advantages:
First, these probes are cloned in plasmid vectors, which can be reproduced indefinitely and inexhaustible, and the preparation method is simple.
Secondly, dna probes are not easily degraded (compared with rna) and generally can effectively inhibit dna enzymatic activity.
Thirdly, the labeling method of dna probe is more mature, with a variety of methods to choose from, such as notch panning, random primer method, pcr labeling method, etc., which can be used for isotopic and non-isotopic labeling.
18.
The new generation of doping - "gene doping"
With the sports world's increasing crackdown on doping, it has become difficult for traditional drugs to escape drug testing. A small number of coaches and athletes, desperate for results, have targeted the more insidious and dangerous gene doping. The use of "gene doping" (genedoping), refers to the use of performance-enhancing dna on athletes to carry out genetic modification, in order to obtain competitive advantage. Although gene doping can cause great damage to the human body, it can quickly increase the speed and endurance of the players and make them stronger, which is a fatal temptation for some players who are eager to achieve success.
19. Who stole our health
①Computer can steal vitamin a
Cause analysis: continuous work on the computer for more than 3 hours, the optic nerve cells will lack of nutrients, in particular the lack of vitamin a, because it is directly related to the retinal photoreceptor. ② ② alcohol steal vitamin b1
Reason analysis: alcohol to normal metabolism in the body, there must be a sufficient amount of vitamin b1 involved, so a large number of drinking will cause the body of vitamin b1 supply shortage. If not timely supplementation, will increase the harm of alcohol on the liver and brain nerve. Long-term lack of even lead to heart disease, life-threatening.
③ Cigarettes steal vitamin c
Reason analysis: smoke tar and other harmful ingredients will be a large loss of vitamin c. According to statistics, each smoke about 25 mg of vitamin c consumed in the body stores, if the passive smokers, the loss of vitamin c is even greater, and may even be as high as 50 milligrams.
4 Coffee steals calcium
Reason analysis: Caffeine dissolves calcium in bones. It has been determined that after drinking more than two cups of coffee a day, each additional cup will cause 8 milligrams of calcium loss, increasing the risk of osteoporosis.
⑤Antibiotics steal normal flora
Reason: Antibiotics in the process of killing pathogenic bacteria, but also kill some of the body's beneficial bacteria, especially the digestive tract and the urinary system of the normal flora, resulting in the gastrointestinal
internal bacterial dysbiosis.
20.Measuring Human Health Ten Guidelines
1. can comfortably bear the daily life and heavy work, and do not feel excessive tension and fatigue;
2. optimistic, positive attitude, willing to take responsibility;
3. good rest, sleep well;
4. can adapt to the external environment of the changes;
5. can resist the general public and the public, and the public's health and safety, and the public's health and safety.
5. able to resist common colds and infectious diseases;
6. appropriate weight, well-proportioned body, standing, head, shoulders and arms in a coordinated position;
7. bright eyes, quick reaction;
8. clean teeth, gums are not bleeding;
9. glossy hair;
10. elasticity of the skin.
21 Festivals related to human health
(1) World Leprosy Day (last Sunday of January)
(2) International Sleep Day (March 21)
(3) World Tuberculosis Day (March 24)
(4) World Health Day (April 7)
(5) World Asthma Day (May 7)
(6) World Red Cross Day (May 8)
(7) International Milk Day (May 16)
(8) World No Tobacco Day (May 31)
(9) International Day Against Drug Abuse (June 26)
(10) World Population Day (July 11)
(11) World Breastfeeding Week (first week of August)
(12) World Heart Day (last Sunday of September)
(13) World Day of the Deaf (September 28)
(14) International Day of Older Persons (October 1)
(15) World Habitat Day (first Monday of October)
(16) World Mental Health Day (October 10)
(17) International Day of the Blind (October 16)
(18) World Traditional Medicine Day (October 22)
(19) World Diabetes Day (November 14)
(20) World Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Day (November 20)
(21) World AIDS Awareness Day (December 21) (21) World AIDS Awareness Day (December 1)
(22) World Day for Persons with Disabilities (December 5)
(23) World Immunization Day (December 5)
(24) National Ear Care Day (March 3)
(25) National Patriotic Hygiene Month (April)
(26) National Tumor Prevention and Control Week (April 15 to April 21)
(27) National Tumor Prevention and Control Week (April 15 to April 21)
(28) National Tumor Prevention and Control Week (April 21) (27) National Day for Prevention and Control of Iodine Deficiency Disease (May 5)
(28) China Student Nutrition Day (May 20)
(29) National Breastfeeding Day (May 20)
(30) National Day for Persons with Disabilities (the third Sunday in May)
(31) National Eye Care Day (June 6)
(32) National Day for the Prevention and Control of Tumor Diseases (June 6)
(33) National Day for the Prevention and Control of Tumor Diseases (May 15) June 6)
(32) National Dental Day (September 20)
(33) National Day for the Prevention and Control of High Blood Pressure (October 8)
(34) National Men's Health Day (October 28)
(35) National Food Hygiene Awareness Week (the first week of November)
22. Yuan Lumping Moves China
Some people once jokingly said that Yuan Lumping has moved China.
Some people once wryly said that Chinese farmers rely on "two pings" for their livelihoods, one by Deng Xiaoping (the responsibility system) and the other by Yuan Longping (hybrid rice).
Yuan Longping once had a dream that rice grows as high as sorghum, the spike grows as long as a broomstick, and the grain grows as big as a peanut. Then a few friends sat under the rice to cool off ......
23.Biological Phenomena in Ancient Poetry
1. "Spring is full of color, a branch of red apricots comes out of the wall" (phototropism)
2. "Close to the water, the sunny flowers and trees spring earlier" (sunny plants are warmer, so they will develop earlier).
3. "The peach blossoms begin to bloom in April on earth" (ecological effect of temperature)
4. "Falling red is not an unfeeling thing, it turns into spring mud and protects the flowers even more" (cycle of matter)
5. "There is no need to return to the meeting, tomorrow yellow flowers and butterflies are also worried" (photoperiodic phenomenon, insect-borne flowers.)
6. "If you plant a flower, it won't grow; if you don't plant a willow, it will become a willow" (asexual reproduction.)
7. "Flowers fade into red, green apricots are small, swallows return, green water around the house" (sexual reproduction.)
8. "Epileptic willow flakes dance with the wind, and light peach blossoms flow by the water."
Seeds can be spread in a variety of ways, and the seeds of plants like willows are very light, spreading by the wind.
9. "Planting beans under the south mountain, grass flourishes and bean seedlings are scarce" (Eastern Jin Dynasty - Tao Yuanming "Returning to the Garden")
Interspecific competition.
10. "Who dyed the frosty forest drunk in the dawn? It is always the tears of the departed." (Yuan - Wang Shifu, "The Story of the Western Wing")
The chlorophyll content in the leaves decreases, and the carotenoid content changes markedly, hence the red color.
11. "Silver candle autumn light cold painting screen, light Luo small fan puffing running fireflies" (Tang-Du Mu "Autumn Eve")
Running fireflies that is, fireflies, come out at night, and can emit fluorescent light, which has to do with the combination of fireflies in the body of a special substance. Firefly body has insect fluorescein this special light-emitting substances, activated by adenosine triphosphate (atp), and then oxidized by the oxygen into the body and the body's enzymes. This oxidation reaction leads to a state of excitation and luminescence. The light is then reflected back through the lower layers of the polyfatty cells. The fluorescent light emitted by fireflies is not only a way of expressing communication, but also a sexual call.
12. "The bright moon startles magpies on other branches, and the clear wind chirps cicadas in the middle of the night." Stress.
13. "Moths tend to be inflammatory in nature and do not see me when they see fire. I'm afraid of inflammation and fire". (Qing-Qing Yingyang's "Moths")
Photototropism
14. "I can't be recruited by a mesmerized soul, but a rooster sings of the world's whiteness." (Tang-Li He's "To Wine")
Roosters are especially sensitive to light.
15. "Two yellow orioles Songs in the green willow, a line of egrets in the blue sky" (Tang-Du Fu, "Extremities of Spring in the South of the Yangtze River")
The phenomenon of flocking.
16. "The Dan chicken is decorated with colorful colors, and the double distance is like a sharp edge. I would like to raise the power of Yan and fight here in Tang" (Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties - Liu Zhen's Poem on Cockfighting)
Interspecies struggles.
17. "The silk worm is not finished until it dies, the wax torch turns into ashes and the tears begin to dry" (Tang - Li Shangyin "Untitled")
Metamorphosis.
18. "The fragrance of rice flowers speaks of a good year, and the sound of frogs is heard." (Song - Xin Qiji, "West River Moon - Night Walking on the Yellow Sand Road")
Food Chain.
19. "The day of hoeing is noon, and the sweat drips from the bottom of the soil" (Tang - Li Shen "Compassionate Farmer")
Competition
20. "Don't you see, the bright mirror in the high hall grieves for white hair, and it becomes as green as a green silk in the morning and turns into snow at the end of the day" (Tang - Li Bai "Wine Will Be Entered )
Endocrine disruption.