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A man with many heart valves donated his unusual collection for emergencies, including the biomechanics of snowshoes? Is his work in this field related to aviation-perhaps a redesigned cockpit? Or, increase lumbar support to make transatlantic navigation more convenient? In fact, Lindbergh's contribution was quite independent, and he was widely praised for these achievements at that time. In 1934, one of his colleagues in * * * said: "His name in this science will be as brilliant as his name in aviation." . A prophecy of failure. Nowadays, only a few words in his * * * entries are related to his scientific contributions; There is a story.
Charles Lindbergh is the designer of perfusion pump, which is a hand-blown transparent Gex glass structure with a height of 18 inch, used to maintain the function of external organs. 1935, after his silent cooperation with Nobel Prize-winning scientist Alexis Carrel reached its peak, he successfully achieved this goal.
The device provides or "perfuses" stable oxygenated blood (or synthetic substitutes) to organs. Karel has perfected this liquid, but he doesn't have a method that can be correctly applied to organs. Lindbergh used his mechanical skills to design a three-cavity device to fix the organ in place and allow it to be injected with Karel's "artificial blood".
Simple and beautiful. The carotid artery is connected to another small glass tube and connected to the pump system. Air pressure will drive fluid through the pump in a way that simulates biological processes.
Charles Lindbergh and Alexis Karel, samuel johnson Woolf, oil painting on canvas, 1938 (National Portrait Gallery? S.J. Woolf Manor), only about 20 paintings were made, but three of them were collected by the Smithsonian National History Museum in Washington.
Although I basically forgot, it is very important. The device is a pioneer of medical equipment such as heart-lung machine, and its technology is helpful to develop a feasible method to stop heart beating during surgery. The young pilot recalled the long time in the air.
His thoughts on life and death. But when his wife's sister was diagnosed with severe heart disease after rheumatic fever, Lindbergh's calm thinking turned to applied biology. After asking the doctor why the operation can't reverse the injury, Lindbergh was told that the operation takes longer than taking the heart out of the body without causing permanent damage. Lindbergh insisted. He explained why machines could not be used to maintain living organs. But doctors are "not interested" in this problem.
Lindbergh further asked Parule flug, a more compassionate anesthesiologist, and directed Lindbergh to find Karel, who has been studying the related issues of organ maintenance in vitro. The very next day, Lindbergh made an appointment with Karel to meet in the laboratory of Rockefeller Institute. Undoubtedly, in the first meeting of1930165438+1October 28th, such an efficient schedule was covered up by a small name recognition. Lindbergh remembers that Karel showed him two attempts to make a device similar to an artificial heart, but both failed. Karel explained that he had determined the correct position of the perfusion fluid before. However, it is more difficult to establish a device to avoid bacterial contamination during the perfusion cycle.
Lindbergh checked the model and said he could do better. After leaving Karel's lab, Lindbergh was full of enthusiasm and came back two weeks later with the design and prototype he sent from the glass blower at Princeton University. Although it was far from perfect, Karel was moved and provided Lindbergh with a space in his laboratory where pilots could improve their equipment.
In addition to the problems of design and bacterial contamination, Lindbergh must also struggle with reputation problems. After flying across the Atlantic, the young pilot felt even more uneasy about the crazy attention of the media. During his work in the institute, he tried to remain anonymous, but with little success. During his first visit, Lindbergh tried to sneak in through a side door, but he was soon discovered by a group of technicians and staff who worshipped him.
No one in the institute was allowed to discuss his work or attend with the media, and Lindbergh was able to maintain a certain degree of anonymity. "* * *" later reported that "he has been doing his duty for more than two years and no one knows about it."
With the development of Lindbergh's first slightly successful pump, this kind of electric spiral glass tube began to change slowly. This pump is a kind of pump that pours liquid into a spiral flow to a storage tank and then flows to the aorta of the organ through a tube. Although the design still has the problems of low pressure and bacterial contamination, the device perfuses the carotid artery for one month.
193 1 may, 2000, published the research results of a device, which can continuously circulate liquid in a closed system. This article has hardly attracted the attention of the media, largely because his article is one of the shortest articles published in Science magazine, and it may be the only one without signature. However, this is the first hint of a dramatic news story, e.
Lindbergh's Soul of St. Louis flew directly from new york to Paris on May 20th 1927, and was watched at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. In the next three years, Lindbergh and Karel improved the original design and technology. In 1935, Lindbergh described this successful device as "a sterile liquid passes through the pulsating circulation of organs under controlled conditions for a period of time, only limited by the changes of organs and perfusate." This new pump has no moving parts. The air introduced into the system is filtered by sterile cotton, which greatly reduces the pollution problem. The whole device is made of glass and can be easily sterilized in an autoclave. The top of the device is equipped with organs. The perfusion solution is placed in the lower cavity and transported to the organ through the glass supply tube. Finally, gravity will bring the perfusion solution back to the liquid storage cavity where perfusion begins. A cycle, much like the cycle produced by the heart pumping blood.
, but the pump is still not perfect; One problem is that there is no outlet for the liquid secreted by the organ. In other words, the pump has no artificial kidney, so the organ secretion and perfusion liquid are mixed together and need to be replaced frequently, which threatens the sterility and stability of the system.
Kidney or not, this pump is ready for a rigorous final public test. 1On April 5th, 935, Karel and Lindbergh started the experiment of thyroid perfusion in cats. At the end of 18 days, the tissue pieces were transferred to the culture, where epithelial cells were produced. Organizations are healthy, energetic and renewable. As an L-study, experiment is only a way to interpret the history of science, and early equipment and technology provide information for future development. In this case, the lessons learned from Lindbergh-Karel cooperation are enormous.
However, when considering Lindbergh's legacy, it is easy to see that the early general excitement may disappear when people know that Lindbergh is actually just an engineer of medical equipment that is now out of date. Therefore, although Lindbergh plays an important role in the larger history of organ perfusion and medical technology (although it may be exaggerated to say that his name in biology is as prominent as his name in aviation), many people may think that medical technology is not so important to Lindbergh's historical memory, although it may be worth mentioning that there is at least one paragraph on his * * * page.
Lindbergh's abundant pump will be exhibited in the exhibition "Science under Glass" held at the National Museum of History in Washington in September, 20 16.