According to the different scope of project construction preparation, it can be generally divided into three types: comprehensive construction preparation, unit project construction condition preparation and division (item) project operation condition preparation.
All-site construction preparation: it is all kinds of construction preparations for a construction site. Its characteristic is that the purpose and content of its construction preparation work are all for comprehensive construction. It is necessary to create favorable conditions for all-round construction activities, but also to consider the preparation of unit construction conditions.
Preparation of construction conditions for unit projects: it is the preparation of construction conditions for buildings or structures. Its characteristic is that the purpose and content of its preliminary work are for the construction of unit projects. It not only makes all preparations before the construction of the unit project, but also makes preparations for the construction of the branch project.
Working condition preparation of partial projects: it is the working condition preparation for a partial project or construction in winter and rainy season.
(two) according to the different classification of the construction stage of the proposed project.
According to the different construction stages of the proposed project, it can generally be divided into two types: construction preparation before commencement and construction preparation before each construction stage.
Construction preparation before commencement: it refers to all the construction preparations before the formal commencement of the proposed project. Its purpose is to create the necessary construction conditions for the formal commencement of the proposed project. It may be the preparation of the whole site, or the preparation of the construction conditions of the unit project.
Construction preparation before each construction stage: refers to all the construction preparation work after the proposed project starts and before the formal start of each construction stage. Its purpose is to create the necessary construction conditions for the official start of the construction stage. For example, the civil housing construction with mixed structure can generally be divided into underground engineering, main engineering, decoration engineering and roofing engineering. The construction content of each construction stage is different, and the required technical conditions, material conditions, organizational requirements and site layout are also different. Therefore, before the start of each construction stage, the corresponding construction preparations must be made.
To sum up, it can be seen that we should not only do a good job of construction preparation before the start of the proposed project, but also do a good job of construction preparation before the start of each construction stage with the progress of the project construction. The construction preparation should be phased and organized, so the construction preparation must be carried out in a planned, step-by-step, phased and phased manner, which should run through the whole production process of the proposed project.
Third, the content of the construction preparation work
According to its nature and content, the construction preparation of an engineering project usually includes technical preparation, material preparation, labor organization preparation, construction site preparation and off-site preparation.
(1) technical preparation
Technical preparation is the core of construction preparation. Any technical mistakes or hidden dangers may cause personal safety and quality accidents, resulting in huge losses of life, property and economy. So be sure to make technical preparations. Details are as follows:
1. Be familiar with and review the construction drawings and related design data.
(1) Be familiar with and review the basis of construction drawings.
1) Preliminary design or expanded preliminary design (technical design), construction drawing design, general layout of building, vertical design of earthwork and urban planning provided by the construction unit and design unit;
2) Investigate and collect the original data;
3) Design and construction acceptance specifications and related technical regulations.
(2) Be familiar with and review the design drawings.
1) In order to carry out the construction smoothly according to the requirements of design drawings, and produce the final building products (buildings or structures) that meet the design requirements;
2) In order to fully understand and master the design intent, structure, structural characteristics and technical requirements of the design drawings before the start of the proposed project;
3) The problems and errors in the design drawings are found through review, so as to correct them. Before construction, provide accurate and complete design drawings for the construction of the proposed project.
(3) Be familiar with and review the contents of design drawings.
1) Review whether the site selection and construction general plan of the proposed project conform to the national, urban or regional planning, and whether the design function and use requirements of buildings or structures conform to the requirements of sanitation, fire protection and beautification of the city;
2) Review whether the design drawings are complete, and whether the design drawings and materials conform to the relevant national policies and policies on engineering design and construction;
3) Review whether the design drawings and specifications are consistent, and whether there are contradictions and errors between the design drawings and their components;
4) Review whether the construction site plan is consistent with other structural drawings in terms of geometric dimensions, coordinates, elevation and description, and whether the technical requirements are correct;
5) Review the production process and technical requirements of industrial projects, master the sequence and relationship of supporting production, and whether the equipment installation drawings are consistent with the supporting civil construction drawings in coordinates and elevation, and master whether the quality of civil construction meets the requirements of equipment installation;
6) Review whether the foundation treatment and foundation design meet the engineering hydrogeological conditions of the proposed project site, and the relationship between buildings or structures and underground buildings or structures and pipelines;
7) Make clear the structural form and characteristics of the proposed project, check whether the strength, rigidity and stability of the main load-bearing structure meet the requirements, review the partial projects or new structures, new materials and new processes with complex engineering, difficult construction and high technical requirements in the design drawings, and check whether the existing construction technical level and management level can meet the construction period and quality requirements and take feasible technical measures to ensure them;
8) Define the construction period, the order and time of commissioning or delivery by stages, and the quantity, specifications, sources and delivery date of main materials and equipment used in the project; Clarify the cooperative relationship between the construction, design and construction units, and the construction conditions that the construction unit can provide.
(4) Familiar with and review the procedures of design drawings. Familiar with and review design drawings is usually divided into three stages: self-examination, joint examination and on-site visa.
1) Design drawing self-examination stage. After the construction unit receives the design drawings and relevant technical documents of the proposed project. Relevant engineering and technical personnel should be organized as soon as possible to familiarize themselves with and self-examine the drawings, and a record of the self-examination drawings should be written. The self-examination record of drawings shall include questions about design drawings and relevant suggestions on design drawings.
2) The joint review stage of design drawings. Generally presided over by the construction unit, design units and construction units to participate in, the three parties to design the blue prints.the design. When the blue prints.the design, first of all, the project leader of the design unit explains the design basis, intention and functional requirements of the proposed project to the participants, and puts forward the design requirements of special structures, new materials, new processes and new technologies; Then the construction unit raises questions and suggestions on the design drawings according to the self-examination records and the understanding of the design intent; Finally, on the basis of unified understanding, the problems discussed are recorded one by one, and a "Minute of Joint Review of Drawings" is formed, which is formally written by the construction unit and countersigned and sealed by the participating unit * * *, as the technical documents used together with the design documents and the basis for guiding the construction, and also as the basis for the project settlement between the construction unit and the construction unit.
3) On-site visa stage of design drawings. During the construction of the proposed project, if it is found that the construction conditions are inconsistent with the design drawings, or the drawings are still wrong, or the material specifications and quality can not meet the design requirements, or the construction unit puts forward reasonable suggestions and needs to modify the design drawings in time, it should follow the system of technical verification and design change visa and obtain the drawings construction site visa. If the content of design changes has a great influence on the scale and investment of the proposed project, it shall be reported to the original approving unit for approval. At the construction site, drawings modification, technical verification and design change data shall be recorded in formal written form and incorporated into the construction archives of the proposed project as the basis for guiding construction, completion acceptance and project settlement.
2. Investigation and analysis of original data
In order to prepare for the construction, in addition to mastering the written materials of the proposed project, we should also conduct on-the-spot investigation and investigation of the proposed project to obtain the first-hand information of relevant data, which is very necessary for compiling an advanced, reasonable and practical construction organization design. Therefore, we should do a good job in the following aspects of investigation and analysis:
(1) Investigation and analysis of natural conditions. The main contents of investigation and analysis of natural conditions in the construction area include regional leveling points and absolute elevation; Geological structure, properties and types of soil, bearing capacity of foundation soil, earthquake level and cracks, river flow and water quality, flood peak and water level in dry season, etc. ; Changes of groundwater level, thickness, flow direction, flow rate and water quality of aquifer. ; Temperature, rain, snow, wind and lightning, etc. ; The freezing depth of soil and the duration of winter rainy season, etc.
(2) Investigation and analysis of technical and economic conditions. The main contents of the investigation and analysis of the technical and economic situation in the construction area are: the situation of local construction enterprises; The relocation of the construction site; Status of local materials available locally; The supply of materials allocated by the state; Local energy and transportation conditions; Local labor force and technical level; Local living supply, education and medical and health conditions; Local fire and public security situation and the strength of the participating units.
3. Prepare the construction drawing budget and construction budget
(1) Prepare the construction drawing budget. Construction drawing budget is one of the main components of technical preparation. It is an economic document to determine the construction and installation project cost, which is compiled by the construction unit according to the engineering quantity determined by the construction drawing, the construction method drawn up by the construction organization design, the budget quota of the construction project and its charging standard. It is an important basis for construction enterprises to sign project contracts, settle project prices, allocate project prices by China Construction Bank, conduct cost accounting and strengthen management.
(2) Prepare the construction budget. The construction budget is compiled according to the construction drawing budget, construction drawings, construction organization design or construction scheme, construction quota and other documents, and is directly controlled by the construction drawing budget. It is the basis of internal control of various expenses, examination of employment, comparison of "two calculations", issuance of construction task list, quota acquisition and basic economic accounting.
4. Prepare the construction organization design
Construction organization design is an important part of construction preparation, and it is also a technical and economic document that guides all production activities on the construction site. The whole process of building construction and production activities is a very complicated process of material wealth re-creation. In order to correctly handle the relationship between people and things, subject and auxiliary, technology and equipment, specialty and cooperation, supply and consumption, production and storage, use and maintenance, and their spatial layout and time arrangement, it is necessary to formulate a scientific plan that can effectively guide various construction activities of the project according to the scale, structural characteristics and requirements of the construction unit.
(2) Material preparation
Materials, components, products, machinery and equipment are the material basis to ensure the smooth progress of construction, and the preparation of these materials must be completed before the project starts. According to the demand plan of various materials, the source of goods is determined separately, and transportation and storage are arranged to meet the requirements of continuous construction.
1. Contents of material preparation work
Material preparation mainly includes the preparation of building materials; Preparation of parts and products; Preparation of building installation machines and tools and preparation of production process equipment.
(1) Preparation of building materials. The preparation of building materials is mainly based on the analysis of the construction budget, according to the requirements of the construction progress plan, and according to the material name, specifications, reserve quota and consumption quota of mineral materials when used, to prepare a material demand plan, which provides a basis for organizing material preparation, determining the required area for warehouse and on-site stacking, and organizing transportation.
(2) Preparation of processed parts and products. According to the names, specifications, quality and dosage of components and products provided in the construction budget, determine the processing scheme and supply channels, as well as the storage location and mode after entering the site, and formulate its demand plan to provide a basis for organizing transportation and determining the yard area;
(3) Preparation of building installation machines and tools. According to the adopted construction scheme, arrange the construction progress, determine the type and quantity of construction machinery, determine the supply mode of construction machinery and the storage place and method after entering the site, and prepare the demand plan for construction and installation machinery, which provides the basis for organizing transportation and determining the yard area.
(4) Preparation of production process equipment. According to the production process flow and process equipment layout of the proposed project, the name, model, production capacity and demand of process equipment are put forward, the arrival time and storage mode are determined by stages and batches, and the process equipment demand plan is compiled, which provides the basis for organizing transportation and determining the yard area.
2. Material preparation procedures
Material preparation procedure is an important means to do a good job in material preparation. Usually according to the following procedures:
(1) According to the construction budget, the construction method and progress of the division (item) project, draw up the demand plan of national allocation materials, unified allocation materials, local materials, components and products, construction machines and tools, process equipment and other materials;
(2) according to the demand plan of various materials, organize the supply of goods, determine the processing and supply location and supply mode, and sign the material supply contract;
(3) According to the demand plans and contracts of various materials, put forward transportation plans and transportation schemes;
(4) According to the requirements of the construction site plan, organize the materials to enter the site as planned, and store or pile them in the specified way at the designated place.
(3) Preparation of labor organization
The scope of labor organization preparation includes the labor organization preparation of the whole construction enterprise, the labor organization preparation of the large-scale comprehensive proposed project and the labor organization preparation of the small-scale simple proposed unit project. Here, taking the proposed project as an example, the contents of the labor organization preparation work are as follows:
1. Establish the leading organization of the proposed project.
The establishment of the construction organization should follow the following principles: (1) According to the scale, structural characteristics and complexity of the proposed project, determine the candidates and quotas for the construction leading organization of the proposed project; Adhere to the combination of rational division of labor and close cooperation; Let people with construction experience, innovative spirit and work efficiency enter the leading group; Conscientiously implement the principle of setting posts and selecting people by posts.
2. Establish a capable construction team.
The formation of the construction team should seriously consider the reasonable cooperation between majors and types of work, and the proportion of technicians and general workers should meet the requirements of reasonable labor organization and assembly line construction organization. The construction team (professional construction team or mixed construction team) should adhere to the principle of reasonable and capable; At the same time, the labor demand plan of this project is formulated.
3. Assemble the construction force and organize the labor force to enter the site.
After the on-site leading organization is determined, according to the commencement date and labor demand plan, organize the labor force to enter the site, and at the same time carry out safety, fire prevention and civilized construction education, and arrange the life of employees.
4. Conduct construction organization design, planning and technical disclosure for the construction team and workers.
The purpose of construction organization design, planning and technical disclosure is to explain in detail the design content, construction scheme and construction technical requirements of the proposed project to the construction team and workers. This is a good way to implement the responsibility system of planning and technology.
The time of construction organization design, planning and technical disclosure should be carried out in time before the unit project or partial project starts, so as to ensure that the project is constructed in strict accordance with the design drawings, construction organization design, safety operation procedures and construction acceptance specifications.
The contents of construction organization design, planning and technical disclosure include construction progress plan and monthly (ten-day) operation plan; Construction organization design, especially construction technology; Requirements of quality standards, safety technical measures, cost reduction measures and construction acceptance specifications; Implementation plans and guarantee measures for new structures, new materials, new technologies and new processes; Matters such as design changes and technical verification of relevant parts determined in the blue prints.the design. The disclosure work should be carried out step by step according to the management system, from top to bottom until the workers' team. The ways of publicity include written form, oral form and live demonstration form.
After accepting the construction organization design, scheme and technical disclosure, teams and workers should organize members to analyze and study carefully to find out the key parts, quality standards, safety measures and operation essentials. When necessary, we should demonstrate, clarify the tasks and do a good job in division of labor and cooperation, and establish and improve the post responsibility system and safeguard measures.
5. Establish and improve various management systems.
Whether the various management systems of the construction site are established or not directly affects the smooth progress of various construction activities. The consequences of not following the rules are very serious, and it is more dangerous to have no rules to follow. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and improve various management systems on the construction site. Usually the contents are as follows:
Engineering quality inspection and acceptance system; Engineering and technical archives management system; Inspection and acceptance system of building materials (components, fittings and products); Technical responsibility system; Construction drawing learning and joint review system; Technical disclosure system; Staff attendance and assessment system; Economic accounting system of construction site and team; Material storage system; Secure operating system; Machine use and maintenance system.
(4) Preparation of the construction site
The construction site is an activity space for all the personnel involved in the construction to carry out tactical decisive battle rhythmically, evenly and continuously in order to win the goal of high quality, high speed and low consumption. The preparation of the construction site is mainly to create favorable construction conditions and material guarantee for the construction of the proposed project. Its specific contents are as follows:
1. Do a good job in measuring the control network on the construction site.
According to the general construction plan provided by the design unit and the given permanent latitude and longitude coordinate control network and leveling control foundation pile, the factory construction survey is carried out, and the permanent latitude and longitude coordinate pile and leveling foundation pile are set up to establish the factory engineering survey control network.
2. Doing "three links and one leveling" and "three links and one leveling" means leading the way, supplying water, electrifying and leveling the site.
Lu Tong: The road on the construction site is the main artery for organizing material transportation. Before the proposed project starts, the permanent roads on the construction site (including the railways in the plant area) must be repaired according to the requirements of the general construction plan; Factory roads) and necessary temporary roads, form a complete and smooth traffic network, and create favorable conditions for the products and piles of building materials.
Water: Water is indispensable for production and life on the construction site. Before the start of the proposed project, the pipes for construction water and domestic water must be connected according to the requirements of the general construction plan, combined with the permanent water supply system as far as possible, and the ground drainage system should be well done to create a good environment for the construction.
Electricity: electricity is the main power supply at the construction site. Before the construction of the proposed project, the power and communication facilities should be connected according to the requirements of the construction organization design, and other energy sources (such as steam and compressed air) should be supplied well to ensure the normal operation of the power and communication equipment on the construction site.
Land leveling: according to the requirements of the general construction plan, firstly, remove the buildings or structures that hinder the construction on the site, and then calculate the earthwork volume according to the elevation and vertical design drawings of earthwork specified in the general construction plan, determine the construction plan of land leveling, and carry out land leveling work.
3. Complete the supplementary exploration on the construction site.
The purpose of supplementary exploration on the construction site is to further search for hidden objects such as dry wells, air-raid shelters, ancient tombs, underground pipelines, culverts, dead tree roots, etc., so as to draw up and implement the plan to deal with hidden objects in time. Create favorable conditions for foundation engineering construction.
4. Construction of temporary facilities
According to the general layout of the construction, set up temporary facilities, and prepare for the official start of production, office, living, residence, warehousing and other temporary houses.
5. Installation and debugging of construction machines and tools
According to the demand plan of construction machines and tools, organize the construction machines and tools to enter the site, and place the construction machines and tools in the designated place or warehouse according to the general construction plan. Fixed machines and tools should be in place, scaffolding, power supply, maintenance and debugging. All construction machinery and tools must be inspected and tested before construction.
6. Do a good job in the storage and stacking of building components, products and materials.
According to the demand plan of building materials, components and products, organize to enter the site, and store and pile them in the place and manner specified in the general construction plan.
7. Provide the test application plan of building materials in time.
According to the demand plan of building materials, provide the test application plan of building materials in time. Such as mechanical properties and chemical composition of steel; Mix proportion and strength test of concrete or mortar.
8. Make arrangements for construction in winter and rainy season.
According to the requirements of construction organization design, the temporary facilities and technical measures for winter and rainy season construction shall be implemented.
9. Trial production and testing of new technology projects.
According to the requirements of design drawings and construction organization design, the trial production and test of new technology projects are carried out seriously.
10. Set fire control and safety facilities.
According to the requirements of the construction organization design, according to the layout of the construction site plan, establish fire control. Security organizations and relevant rules and regulations, arrange fire control, public security and other measures.
(5) Off-site construction preparation
In addition to the internal preparation of the site, there are external preparations of the site. Its specific contents are as follows:
1. Material processing and ordering
Most building materials, components and products must be outsourced, especially process equipment. In this way, how to contact processing departments and production units, sign supply contracts and do a good job in supply is very important for the normal production of construction enterprises; ; So do collaborative projects. In addition to signing the protocol, there is still a lot of related work to be done.
2. Do a good job of subcontracting and sign a subcontract.
Due to the limited strength of the construction unit, the construction, installation and transportation of some professional projects need to be entrusted to other units. According to the project quantity and completion date. Engineering quality and engineering cost, etc. , sign a subcontract with other units to ensure timely implementation.
3. Submit the application report for commencement to the superior.
When the materials are processed, ordered, subcontracted and subcontracted, and other off-site preparations are completed, the application report for commencement shall be filled in in time and submitted to the superior for approval.
Fourth, the construction preparation work plan
In order to implement various construction preparations and strengthen inspection and supervision, a construction preparation plan must be made according to the contents, time and personnel of various construction preparations.
To sum up, all construction preparations are not isolated, but complement each other. In order to improve the quality and speed of construction preparation, it is necessary to strengthen the coordination between the construction unit, the design unit and the construction unit, establish and improve the responsibility system and inspection system for construction preparation, and make the construction preparation run through the whole construction process in a led, organized, planned and phased manner.