The vast majority of enterprises will be involved in the "fixed assets" this subject, fixed assets in the fiscal treatment of what provisions? We'll learn about it together.
First, the concept of fixed assets
According to the People's Republic of China *** Chinese People's Republic of China *** and the implementation regulations of the State Enterprise Income Tax Law (State Decree No. 512), fixed assets, refers to the enterprise for the production of products, the provision of services, leasing, or management of the non-monetary assets held by the use of more than 12 months, including houses, buildings, machines, and so on. Assets, including houses, buildings, machinery, machinery, means of transportation, and other equipment, appliances, tools, etc. related to production and business activities.
Second, the tax basis of fixed assets
Third, the fixed assets that are not subject to depreciation deduction
1. Fixed assets other than houses and buildings that have not been put into use.
2. Fixed assets leased under operating leases.
3. Fixed assets leased out under finance leases.
4. Fixed assets that have been fully depreciated and are still in use.
5. Fixed assets not related to business activities.
6. Land that is individually valued and accounted for as a fixed asset.
7. Other fixed assets for which no depreciation deduction is allowed.
Fourth, the concept of depreciation of fixed assets
1, related concepts: Depreciation of fixed assets refers to the systematic apportionment of the amount of depreciation accrued over the useful life of a fixed asset in accordance with a determined method.
Accrued depreciation refers to the original cost of depreciable fixed assets less their estimated net salvage value; if an impairment provision for fixed assets has been made, the cumulative amount of the provision for impairment of fixed assets should also be deducted.
2, fixed assets depreciation and amortization of the starting and ending time
Enterprises should be put into use since the fixed assets in the month of the next month to calculate depreciation; stop using fixed assets, should be discontinued since the month of the next month to stop calculating depreciation.
Enterprises should be based on the nature and use of fixed assets, a reasonable determination of the estimated net residual value of fixed assets. Once determined, the estimated net residual value of fixed assets shall not be changed.
V. Depreciation of Fixed Assets
People's Republic of China*** Regulations on the Implementation of the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China and the State (State Decree No. 512) stipulate that depreciation of fixed assets calculated in accordance with the straight-line method is allowed to be deducted.
Enterprises should calculate depreciation from the month following the month in which the fixed assets are put into use; fixed assets that have ceased to be used should cease to be depreciated from the month following the month in which they cease to be used.
Enterprises should be based on the nature and use of fixed assets, a reasonable determination of the estimated net residual value of fixed assets. Once determined, the estimated net residual value of fixed assets shall not be changed.
The main methods of depreciation of fixed assets are as follows:
A. Average annual life method (as specified above)
B. Workload method (omitted)
C. Double Declining Balance Method
The first year = the value of the fixed assets * 2 / life
The second year = (value of the fixed assets - depreciated)*2 / life
And so on. p>
And so on
Penultimate year = (value of fixed assets - depreciated - net salvage value) / 2 = the last year
D, the sum of the years method
The total number of years (i.e., the number of denominators) = n + (n-1) + (n-2) + ......... +2+1 n is the serviceable life
Numerator: first year = n; second year = n-1 ......... and so on Penultimate year = 2; last year = 1
Example:
(1) the serviceable life of 8 years
Denominator = 8 +7+6+5+4+3+2+1=36 The first year ratio = 8/36
(2) the useful life of 5 years
denominator = 5+4+3+2+1=15 The second year ratio = 4/15
Six, fixed assets depreciation of depreciation (regular depreciation)
According to Regulations for the Implementation of the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China*** and the People's Republic of China (State Order No. 512), unless otherwise provided by the competent financial and taxation authorities of the State Council, the minimum number of years for calculating depreciation of fixed assets is as follows:
VII. > (a) Applicable to all industries:
Enterprises owned and used in the production and operation of the main or key fixed assets, due to the following reasons really need to accelerate the depreciation, you can shorten the depreciation period or take accelerated depreciation methods:
1. Due to technological advances, the product replacement of the fixed assets of the faster;
2. Vibration, high corrosion state of fixed assets.
Enterprises to shorten the depreciable life method, the acquisition of new fixed assets, the minimum depreciable life shall not be less than the "implementation of the Income Tax Act Regulations," Article 60 of the depreciable life of 60%; if the acquisition of fixed assets have been used, the minimum depreciable life shall not be less than the "implementation of the Income Tax Act Regulations" stipulated in the minimum depreciable life minus the life of the remaining years of the use of 60%. Once the minimum depreciable life is determined, it generally cannot be changed.
(2) Applicable to specific industries:
1. From January 1, 2011 onwards:
(1) Software purchased by an enterprise that meets the conditions for the recognition of a fixed asset or an intangible asset can be accounted for as a fixed asset or an intangible asset, and its depreciation or amortization period can be appropriately shortened, with a minimum of 2 years. The depreciation or amortization period can be appropriately shortened to a minimum of 2 years (inclusive).
(2) The production equipment of integrated circuit manufacturers, the depreciation period can be appropriately shortened, the minimum can be 3 years (including).
2, from January 1, 2014 onwards:
(1) the biological drug manufacturing industry, special equipment manufacturing, railroad, shipbuilding, aerospace and other transportation equipment manufacturing, computer, communications and other electronic equipment manufacturing, instrumentation manufacturing, information transmission, software and information technology services and other six industries, such as enterprises after January 1, 2014, the newly acquired fixed assets can be shortened depreciation. The fixed assets purchased after January 1, 2014, can shorten the depreciation period or take the method of accelerated depreciation.
(2) for the above six industries of small and micro-profit enterprises after January 1, 2014, newly purchased research and development and production and operation **** instruments, equipment, unit value does not exceed 1 million yuan, allowed a one-time inclusion in the current cost of deducting the calculation of taxable income, and will no longer calculate the depreciation of the year; the unit value of more than 1 million yuan, you can shorten depreciation or take the method of accelerated depreciation. Accelerated depreciation methods.
3, from January 1, 2015:
(1) for light industry, textile, machinery, automotive and other four areas of key industries (the specific scope of the annex to the Cai Shui [2015] No. 106) of the enterprise after January 1, 2015, newly purchased fixed assets, can be selected by the enterprise to shorten the depreciation life or to take the accelerated depreciation of the method.
(2) for the small micro-profit enterprises in the above industries after January 1, 2015, newly acquired research and development and production and business **** instruments and equipment, the unit value of up to 1 million yuan, allowed a one-time entry into the current cost of deducting in the calculation of taxable income, no longer calculate depreciation over a period of years; unit value of more than 1 million yuan, can be selected by the enterprise to shorten depreciation life or Take the method of accelerated depreciation.
4. From January 1, 2019:
From January 1, 2019, the "Notice of the Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation on Improving the Enterprise Income Tax Policy on Accelerated Depreciation of Fixed Assets" (Cai Shui [2014] No. 75) and the "Notice of the Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation on Further Improving the Enterprise Income Tax Policy on Accelerated Depreciation of Fixed Assets" (Cai Shui [2015] No. 106) shall apply. 2015] No. 106) stipulates that the scope of industries with preferential accelerated depreciation of fixed assets is expanded to all manufacturing sectors.
(C) Applicable to Specific Regions
From January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024, for enterprises set up in Hainan Free Trade Port, the new acquisition (including self-built, self-developed) of fixed assets or intangible assets, the value of which is not more than 5 million yuan per unit (inclusive), is allowed to be credited as a one-off expense in calculating taxable income for the current period. Costs and expenses are deducted when calculating taxable income, and depreciation and amortization are no longer calculated over a period of years; newly acquired (including self-built, self-developed) fixed assets or intangible assets with a unit value of more than 5 million yuan can be shortened to shorten the depreciation and amortization period or to take accelerated depreciation and amortization methods.
The term fixed assets refers to fixed assets other than houses and buildings.
VIII, the depreciation of fixed assets depreciation years (one-time deduction)
1, from January 1, 2014 onwards:
(1) for all industry enterprises after January 1, 2014, newly purchased instruments and equipment used exclusively for research and development, the value of the unit is not more than 1 million yuan, allowed to be a one-time charge to The current cost is deducted in the calculation of taxable income, and depreciation is no longer calculated annually; the unit value of more than 1 million yuan, you can shorten the depreciation period or take the method of accelerated depreciation.
(2) for all industries enterprises holding fixed assets with a unit value of not more than 5,000 yuan, allowing a one-time charge to the current cost of deducting in the calculation of taxable income, and no longer divided into years to calculate depreciation.
2. January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2023:
For newly acquired equipment and apparatus with unit value not exceeding RMB 5 million, which are held by enterprises during the period from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2023, a one-time deduction is allowed to be included in the current period's cost and expense in calculating taxable income, and no longer depreciated over a period of years.
3. January 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021:
For the epidemic prevention and control of key protection materials production enterprises for the expansion of production capacity of the newly purchased equipment related to the current period is allowed to be included in the current period of cost and expense deducted before enterprise income tax.
4. From January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024, for enterprises established in Hainan Free Trade Port, the new acquisition (including self-built, self-developed) of fixed assets or intangible assets, the value of the unit does not exceed 5 million yuan (inclusive), allowed a one-time charge to the current cost of the current period deducted in the calculation of taxable income, and no longer calculate the depreciation and amortization of the year.
IX. Fixed Asset Accounting
1, purchased without installation
Borrow: Fixed Assets
Taxes Payable - VAT Payable (Input Taxes)
Credits: Bank Deposits, etc.
2, outsourcing to be installed
Borrow: construction in progress
Taxes payable - payable VAT (input tax)
Credit: Bank deposits (paid purchase price, transportation and miscellaneous fees, etc.)
Borrow: construction in progress
Taxes payable - payable VAT (input tax)
Credits: Bank deposits (installation fees paid, etc.)
Borrow: Fixed Assets
Credit: Construction in Progress ..................... Carry forward when it reaches the intended state of use
3. Self-construction
(1) Purchase of construction materials
Borrow: construction materials
Taxes payable - payable value-added tax (input tax)
Loan: bank deposits
(2) Receiving construction materials
Debit: Construction in Progress
Credit: Construction Materials
(3) Consumption of the enterprise's finished goods, need to be regarded as sales
Debit: Construction in Progress
Credit: Inventory Commodities ............ ......... Carrying Cost
Taxes Payable - VAT Payable (Sales Tax)
(4) Receiving raw materials and low-value consumables purchased by the enterprise
Borrowing: Construction in Progress
Crediting: Raw Materials/Low-Value Consumables
( (5) The unused project materials are transferred to the enterprise inventory
Borrow: raw materials
Credit: project materials
(6) Costs incurred in the trial run
Borrow: administrative costs / manufacturing costs, etc.
Credit: bank deposits ......... Expenses paid by .........
Raw materials ............ using materials purchased outside the enterprise
Wages payable ............... Wages payable
(7) Labor provided by auxiliary production workshops
Borrow: Construction in progress
Credit: Production costs - auxiliary production costs
p> (8) Completion and delivery
Borrow: Fixed Assets
Credit: Construction in Progress
(9) Reconstruction and Expansion
Borrow: Construction in Progress
Credit: Deposits in Banks (etc.)
(10) Income from the change of value of the reconstruction and expansion
Borrow: Non-Operating Income
Credit: Construction in Progress
(10) Income from the change of value of the reconstruction and expansion
Borrow: Non-Operating Income
Credit: Construction in Progress
( (11) with reference to the estimated net recoverable amount ① and alteration and expansion + (original cost - accumulated depreciation) ② familiar with the low recognition of the cost of the new investment
Borrow: Fixed Assets
Non-operating Expenditures ......... ② & gt;; ① when
Credits: Construction in progress
4. Investor input (value recognized by the investing parties)
Borrow: Fixed Assets
Credit: Paid-in Capital (Equity)
5. Debt Restructuring
(1) Premium received
Borrow: Bank Deposit ............... Premium received
Fixed assets
Credit: Accounts receivable
(2) Payment of premium
Borrow: Fixed assets
Credit: Accounts Receivable
Bank Deposit ........... Premium paid
6, non-monetary transactions exchanged for (example: raw materials converted to fixed assets)
(1) the receipt of the premium
Recognized gain = Premium / (exchanged for the asset) fair price * (exchanged for the asset) book price + Premium / (exchanged for the asset) fair price * Taxes payable and surcharge on education fees
Borrow: Bank Deposit
Fixed Assets
Taxes Payable - VAT Payable (Input Tax)
Credit: Raw Materials
Taxes Payable - VAT Payable (Output Tax) ........... Deemed Sales
Non-operating Income - Gain on Non-Monetary Transactions
(2) Payment of Premium
Borrowing: Fixed Assets
Taxes Payable - VAT Payable (Input Tax)
Crediting: Raw Materials
Taxes Payable - VAT Payable (Output Tax)... ........ Deemed Sales
Bank Deposits
7. Accepting Donations
Borrow: Fixed Assets
Credit: Value of Assets to be Transferred - Acceptance of Donated Non-Monetary Assets
Borrow: Value of Assets to be Transferred
Credit: Taxes Payable - Consumption Tax Payable
Capital surplus - Provision for Acceptance of Non-cash Assets
8, transferred in at no cost (according to the book value of the transferring unit + related taxes)
Borrow: fixed assets
Credit: capital surplus
bank deposits
9, the surplus through the "to be treated
Recorded value: 1) market value - estimated wear and tear according to the degree of newness and oldness, and 2) expected future cash flow (1 can not be used)
Borrow: Fixed Assets
Loan: Property Profit and Loss to be Disposed of
Borrow: Profit and Loss to be Disposed of
Loan: Non-Operating Income
Loan: Non-Operating Income
Loan: Capital surplus
Bank deposits Non-operating income
10, outsourced projects
(1) payment or reimbursement of the project
Borrow: construction in progress - x project
Credit: bank deposits
(2) delivery of the completion of the work
Borrow: Fixed Assets
Loan: Construction in progress
Depreciation of Fixed Assets
Borrow: fixed assets
Loan: fixed assets
Depreciation of Fixed Assets
11, leased (temporarily omitted)
12, finance leases
(1) finance leased fixed assets
Borrow: Fixed Assets - Finance Leased Fixed Assets ... ......... need to be installed first into the construction in progress
Construction
Credit: Long-term payables - finance lease payable
(2) Payment of finance lease in installments
Borrow: Long-term payables - finance lease payable
Credit: Bank deposits
Borrow: Long-term payables - finance lease payable
Credit: Bank Deposits
(3) At the end of the term, the title of the asset is transferred to the enterprise
Borrow: Fixed Assets - Fixed Assets for Production and Operation
Loan: Fixed Assets - Fixed Assets under Finance Lease
Finance Lease Expenses Omitted for the Time Being
(4) Depreciation of Fixed Assets
Borrow: Manufacturing Expenses (Administrative Expenses, etc.)
Loan: Accumulated Depreciation
Loan. : Accumulated depreciation
13, subsequent expenditures Note:
(1) incurred expenses repairs
Borrow: administrative expenses, etc.
Credit: bank deposits
(2) Fixed Asset Renovation fixed assets - Fixed Asset Renovation (between the two renovation
depreciation, but not (mention finished, all at once recorded in non-operating expenditures)
14, disposal
The first step:
Borrow: Fixed Asset Cleanup
Accumulated Depreciation
Fixed Asset Impairment Provision
Credit: Fixed Assets
Bank Deposits (Taxes Payable, etc.) ..................... Expenses paid
A. Transfer out of investment
Debit: xx investment
Credit. Fixed Assets Liquidation
B. Donation Transfer Out
Debit: Non-Operating Expenses-Donation Expenses
Credit: Fixed Assets Liquidation
C. Debt Restructuring
Debit: Accounts Payable
Credit: Fixed Assets Liquidation
D. Non-Monetary Transactions for Exchange Out
Debit: Raw Materials
Credit: Fixed Assets Liquidation
F. Inventory Loss
Borrow: Non-operating Expenses
Credit: Fixed Assets Liquidation
G. Sell, scrap
Borrow: Fixed Assets Liquidation
Accumulated Depreciation
Provision for Impairment of Fixed Assets
Credit: Fixed Assets < /p>
Bank Deposit {Taxes Payable }............... cleanup costs incurred