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Mitsui consortium-introduction
Mitsui Commercial Group is one of the four largest chaebol in Japan. The total assets are 36 trillion yen and the employees are nearly 240,000. The core members are 24 monopoly enterprises, including 2 banks, 2 insurance companies, industrial and mining enterprises 15, trading companies 1 home, department stores 1 home, real estate industry 1 home and 2 transportation enterprises. The managers' meeting composed of these enterprises, called Ermuhui, is the highest leading body of Mitsui Consortium. Among them, Mitsui Bank, Mitsui Property and Mitsui Real Estate Company are the three pillar enterprises of the consortium, and the leaders of these three enterprises form the highest leadership core, representing the Mitsui Consortium. In addition to the member enterprises of Ermu Club, there are 16 directly affiliated subsidiaries participating in Yueyao Club instead of Ermu Club. In addition, Mitsui Foundation also controls a number of affiliated companies through loans, shareholding and personnel relations, including 65,438+065,438+04 affiliated companies, with a shareholding ratio of over 65,438+00%.
History of Mitsui Consortium
The predecessor of Mitsui Consortium is Mitsui chaebol ruled by Mitsui family. On 1673, the founder Haruhiro Mitsui opened silk and satin shops in Edo (now Tokyo) and Kyoto, and later ran a money house. From the 65438+1920s, Mitsui Exchange Shop, which mainly handled currency exchange business, became commercial capital and usury capital, and funded feudal princes to arrange exchange for Tokugawa shogunate, becoming a wealthy businessman as a privileged businessman.
During the Meiji Restoration, the Mitsui family transferred to the imperial court, funded the new imperial government to dispatch soldiers' salaries, developed into a political business, was taken care of by the Meiji government, and took control of the national financial industry. On this basis, 1876 Mitsui Bank, the first private bank in Japan, was opened and Mitsui Property Company was established. 19 10 established a general holding company, which basically formed a modern mitsui chaebol. After World War I, Mitsui chaebol became the largest monopoly capital group. By the end of World War II, Mitsui chaebol had 273 direct and affiliated companies and their subsidiaries. Mitsui chaebol was dissolved once after this. In the early 1950s, Mitsui Bank initiated the establishment of the Yueyao Club, and then set up a five-day meeting at the general manager level for the purpose of promoting the merger of Mitsui & Co., Ltd., and changed its name to Ermu Club on 1960, gradually becoming the overall leading body of Mitsui Consortium. At the end of 1950s, the direct subsidiaries and subsidiaries of the former Mitsui chaebol were assembled in the form of a new enterprise group and restored to become a big consortium.
Mitsui Consortium has more than 150 member companies, their subsidiaries and joint companies. Mitsui chaebol, like other big consortia in Japan, has established a huge industrial group. However, compared with Mitsubishi Group and Sumitomo Group, Mitsui Group is relatively loose, including independent companies such as Toyota Motor and Toshiba Electric. 200 1 Sakura Bank, the core enterprise of Mitsui Group, merged with Sumitomo Bank, the core bank of Sumitomo Group, to form sumitomo mitsui banking corporation Co., Ltd. Since then, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group was born in the financial industry. In other fields, the former Mitsui chaebol Company also actively launched the merger or cooperation activities with Sumitomo Corporation. For example, Mitsui, the largest shipping company in Japan, was formed by the merger of the Osaka merchant ship of Sumitomo Group and the Mitsui ship of Mitsui chaebol in 1964.
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Mitsubishi consortium-introduction
The history of Mitsubishi chaebol can be traced back to Iwasaki Yataro's transportation business in Tosa. 1870 (the third year of Meiji), Iwasaki Yataro served as a vassal of Tosa in Osaka.
The head of 99 chambers of commerce of Sanzang House in Tosa (an organization responsible for storing and selling famous goods) set up by Mitsubishi Consortium in the western district. The following year, Japan abolished the feudal system, set up counties, and 99 chambers of commerce became individual enterprises. So Iwasaki Yataro bought three ships from Tosa Francisco, established Mitsubishi Chamber of Commerce on 1873, and began to engage in shipping (later developed into a Japanese mail ship) and commerce (later developed into Mitsubishi Corporation).
Since then, Mitsubishi Chamber of Commerce has moved its headquarters to Tokyo and changed its name to Mitsubishi Steamboat Company and Post Steamboat Mitsubishi Company. The core business of the company is the shipping industry. At that time, foreign companies and small and medium-sized transportation enterprises were gradually eliminated, and the monopoly position of Japanese shipping industry was obtained. However, because of dissatisfaction with Mitsubishi's monopoly and arbitrariness, Sasakawa Rongyi and Noue Kaoru and others obtained funds from the government and cooperated with other anti-Mitsubishi forces in order to fight against Mitsubishi. 1882 In July, they established the * * * Transport Association, and started shipping business from 1883. Mitsubishi hopes to defeat Datong Transportation by reducing the price, but because the latter has the support of the government, it also adopts the strategy of reducing the price to confront it. After two years of bitter price war, Mitsubishi's strength has been severely hit and even on the verge of bankruptcy. At that time, the government realized the harm of this unfair competition, so it intervened in the competition between the two companies. Through mediation, Mitsubishi Corporation and * * * merged on an equal footing, and established "Japan Shipping Company", the largest transportation enterprise in the world at that time, on 1885. Although Mitsubishi chaebol lost the core industry of shipping, it still mastered the real power of Japanese mail ships through personnel. 1885 After Yataro's death, his brother Iwasaki Yanosuke inherited the management power of the chaebol. Iwasaki Yanosuke changed its name to Mitsubishi Corporation and acquired it at 188 1.
As the core industry of chaebol, Mitsubishi consortium Takashima Coal and the state-owned Nagasaki Shipyard (later developed into Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) leased in 1884 tried to make a comeback.
Since then, the chaebol has continuously expanded the scope of coal and mining industry, and acquired Nagasaki Shipyard from the government in 1887, continuously expanding the shipbuilding industry. It also acquired the119th national bank in 1885, and began to extend to the financial industry. Tokyo warehouse was established in 1887.
According to the Japanese Commercial Law promulgated in 1893, Mitsubishi Corporation was reorganized into a Mitsubishi joint venture company. At the same time, Yataro's eldest son, Kumi Iwasaki, became the third generation president of Mitsubishi Joint Venture. At that time, the company set up general affairs, banking, commerce, coal, mining, land and other departments, and implemented a decentralized system. In addition, Nagasaki Shipyard was expanded, and Kobe Shipyard, Shimonoseki Shipyard, Kirin Beer and other enterprises were established, further expanding the scale of the consortium.
19 16 (the fifth year of Taisho), the eldest son of Yano Sukeyoshi Iwasaki served as the fourth president. The consortium cancelled the ministerial system and set up a affairs director according to the industry.
19 17 years, Mitsubishi shipbuilding and Mitsubishi paper were established; 19 18, Mitsubishi corporation and Mitsubishi mining were established; 19 19, Mitsubishi bank was established; 1920, Mitsubishi shipbuilding was divided into subsidiaries such as Mitsubishi internal combustion engine manufacturing and mitsubishi electric. Since then, with the continuous war launched by Japan, the domestic demand for military products has surged, and Mitsubishi's industry has achieved unprecedented development.
After World War II, according to the policy of the United Nations, all chaebol in Japan were forced to dissolve. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Mitsubishi Chemical are divided into three companies. At that time, Koyatta, who was dying, declared that "we have done our national responsibility to the maximum extent. Looking back, there is nothing to be ashamed of. " . But after that, Mitsubishi chaebol's company broke off contact. 1954 (in the 29th year of Showa), presidents and chairmen of major companies of Mitsubishi chaebol began to set up informal organizations such as Mitsubishi Friday Club in order to exchange information and contact feelings with each other.
Different from Mitsubishi chaebol with Mitsubishi Corporation as the core before the war, Mitsubishi Group was established as an equal among Mitsubishi series companies after the war. However, this group is more cohesive than other consortia. Especially in the period of rapid economic growth in Japan, the core enterprises in Mitsubishi Group have made great contributions to the development of heavy chemical industry in Japan.
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Sumitomo Consortium-Brief Introduction of Consortium
As early as the16th century, the Sumitomo family developed and became the official copper supplier in Japan, mainly serving some powerful families in Japan at that time, including the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan for more than 200 years from 1603 to 1868. At that time, the head of the family proudly declared that Sumitomo Trading Company was the largest copper exporter in the world.
Sumitomo consortium-consortium history
/kloc-In the mid-9th century, the Japanese market gradually opened to the west, and Sumitomo Trading Co., Ltd. also developed more extensively in iron and steel smelting, steelmaking and other fields. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Sumitomo family had rapidly developed into the third largest financial chaebol in Japan. During the 1930s and World War II, some monopoly groups with political influence became the main followers of Japanese militarism, and Sumitomo Corporation was no exception. During this period, the family centralization of Sumitomo consortium became more obvious, and most of its industries were concentrated in the hands of Sumitomo family. By 1937, the handover of the Sumitomo family generation 16 has been completed.
Holding as much as 90% of the total share capital of the consortium.
After Japan's defeat, the chaebol disintegrated and reorganized into enterprise groups under the restriction of the United States. The political and economic influence of the Sumitomo family in Japan has also been greatly weakened. However, with the recovery of Japan's economy after the war, Sumitomo Consortium made a comeback and grew stronger and stronger. Since then, Sumitomo Corporation has participated more extensively in international trade activities in the fields of metals, machinery, petroleum, chemicals, food and textiles, and has become the core enterprise of Sumitomo Consortium and one of the four largest traders in Japan.
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Fuji consortium-introduction
Fuji consortium was formally established on 1966, and currently consists of about 30 large enterprises. The Japanese call Mount Fuji "the peak of the Lotus", so the Mount Fuji consortium is also called the Lotus Consortium, which has great influence in various important fields such as manufacturing, commerce and finance in Japan. Its core enterprises include Fuji Bank, Nissan Motor, Japan Steel Pipe, Sapporo Beer, Hitachi, Marubeni and Canon, as well as Japan's largest bearing manufacturer Seiko and the largest agricultural machinery manufacturer Kubota. Marubeni Trading Company, which started from the textile industry, is a large comprehensive trading company in Japan and one of the largest trading enterprises in the world. The manager of Fuji Consortium called it "Lotus Club".
Fuji consortium-development history
An Tian's family was a privileged businessman in Meiji Restoration, who started with currency exchange. From 65438 to 0863, An Tian AnErlang opened the "An Tian House" bank in Tokyo with 252,000 gold, which developed smoothly. From 65438 to 0879, with the approval of the government, An Tian established a private An Tian Bank based on Qianzhuang, and gradually expanded to textile, construction, railway transportation and other fields, forming a management group including many enterprises. 19 12, An Tian established the holding company of "An Tian Maintenance Company", thus initially forming the An Tian chaebol which had a great influence on the Japanese economy.
1923, the ambitious Jijiro Yasuda swallowed 10 banks at one time. By the early 1930s, An Tian chaebol had a huge consortium including 14 banks, 12 industrial and commercial enterprises and 6 insurance companies. 1952 after the signing of the U.S.-U.S. treaty, Mitsui, Mitsubishi and other consortia actively resumed work, while An Tian Group resumed work later. It was not until the end of 1960 that the enterprises belonging to An Tian Group, headed by Fuji Bank (that is, Bank of An Tian), began to gather and established the "Furong Development" organization; 1966, the "Lotus Club" group was formally established. With Fuji Bank as the core, Furong Club has successively set up small and medium-sized enterprise research center, Furong aviation service, Furong comprehensive leasing, Furong ocean development, Furong information center, Furong petroleum development and other enterprises, with the same shares and investment, which has strengthened internal relations and demonstrated strong group behavior.
The core enterprises of Fuji Group are Fuji financial enterprises founded by Yasujiro Yasuda, including Fuji Bank, An Tian Trust Bank, An Tian Fire Marine Insurance and An Tian Life Insurance. There are quite a few giant enterprises in the industrial and commercial enterprises under Fuji Group, and its pillar enterprise is Nissan Kang Zeen of Yukawa Yoshisuke. Yukawa Yoshisuke's Nissan Kangzein includes 77 companies including Nissan Motor Company, Hitachi, and Nippon Oil Co., Ltd.