Nasal cavity and sinus examination method ① anterior rhinoscope examination method. The examiner will put the anterior rhinoscope into the nasal vestibule, open the upper and lower lobes, expand the anterior nostril, check the nasal septum, inferior turbinate, middle turbinate, common nasal tract, inferior nasal tract, middle nasal tract and olfactory fissure and other places. ② Posterior rhinoscopy method. The examiner holds a tongue depressor in his left hand, depresses the front 2/3 of the tongue, and sends the posterior rhinoscope between the soft palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall to check the posterior nostril, the turbinates and the posterior edge of the nasal passages, the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube, the pharyngeal saphenous fossa and the top of the nasopharynx. ③ Sinus examination method. Including observation of the cheeks, palpation of the cheeks, the upper corner of the inner orbital area, etc., to understand the presence of pressure and pain, elevation, etc. Maxillary sinus puncture irrigation method helps to diagnose inflammation or other disorders of the maxillary sinus. Sinus X-ray is often used to diagnose sinus diseases. Rigid tube and flexible tube nasal endoscopy. It can examine all parts of the nasal cavity in detail, can observe the opening of each sinus, and can perform nasal and sinus surgery.
Pharyngeal examination method ①Oropharyngeal examination method . Tongue depressor plate with light pressure on the patient's tongue anterior 2/3, check the tonsils, tongue and palate arch, pharyngeal palate arch, pharyngeal wall, etc., to observe the soft palate activity. ② Nasopharyngeal examination method. See posterior rhinoscopy method. In addition, the soft light-guided nasopharyngeal fiberscope can be bent to observe the whole nasopharynx, and can be biopsied or photographed. (iii) Laryngopharyngeal examination. See indirect laryngopharyngeal examination method.
Laryngeal examination method ① indirect laryngoscopy. Make the examinee open his mouth and tongue, the examiner with gauze pinch the anterior part of the tongue and pull outward, the indirect laryngoscope into the oropharynx, check the root of the tongue, lingual tonsils, epiglottis valley, laryngopharynx and other places, and then make the patient to send out a coat of sound, can be observed on the epiglottis laryngeal surface, aryepiglottic folds, inter-arytenoid area, pearly fossa, ventricular zone and the vocal folds and so on, and can be observed vocal cord movement. ② Direct laryngoscopy method. Surface anesthesia or general anesthesia for examination, the examinee lying on his back with his head hanging down, into the direct laryngoscope to see the epiglottis, the epiglottis will be picked up to check the larynx. Fiber laryngoscopy. The fiber laryngoscope can be bent and put into the larynx through the nasal cavity or through the oral cavity. This examination method is less painful and can examine all parts of the larynx in detail. ④Micro laryngoscopy. Used to check the larynx and carry out delicate surgery, its advantage is that it can be operated with both hands at the same time, after general anesthesia endotracheal intubation, operation under the operating microscope.
Ear examination method The examiner uses one hand to pull the auricle backward and upward to straighten the external auditory canal, and the index finger of the other hand pushes the ear screen forward to widen the ear canal, and examines the ear canal and tympanic membrane. For those with long ear hair or large curvature of the ear canal, an otoscope can be inserted into the ear canal for examination. The electric otoscope has a light source and a magnifying lens, allowing for a more subtle view of the eardrum. The pneumatic otoscope observes the movement of the eardrum.
Tracheoscopy and esophagoscopy method ① rigid tube bronchoscopy. Can check the total trachea, the right and left bronchus and the lobes of the bronchial opening, now mostly used to remove foreign objects. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Because of its thin tube, the patient less pain, can enter the deeper and thinner bronchi for inspection, and can observe the upper lobe of the bronchi. Used to observe lesions, take biopsies, and can remove smaller foreign objects. ③ Hard tube esophagoscopy method. It is used for observing esophageal lesions, taking biopsies and removing foreign bodies. ④Fiber-optic esophagoscopy. Because of inflation, irrigation and other equipment, can more clearly observe the esophageal lesions, and used for biopsy, can also remove small foreign objects.
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