(2) The investment expenditure of an enterprise refers to the expenditure of the enterprise on machinery, equipment, plant and inventory. Investment expenditure is indicated by i.
(3) Government purchase expenditure refers to the sum of goods and services purchased by governments at all levels. Building roads and bridges, buying military equipment and paying police salaries are all examples of government procurement. Government procurement is represented by g.
④ Net export is defined as export minus import, X represents export, M represents import, NX represents net export, and NX=XM.
(2) According to the expenditure method, GDP = consumption expenditure+investment expenditure+government purchase+net export, that is, GDP=C+I+C+NX.
(3) In practical application, we should pay attention to the following two issues: ① Some expenditure items should not be included in GDP, including expenditure on products produced in the past (such as purchasing old equipment) and expenditure on non-products and services (such as purchasing stocks and bonds). ② Avoid double counting. Because there is no obvious difference between the final product and the intermediate product, it is easy to cause repeated calculation in the calculation process. In actual calculation, if the value of the final product is all included in GDP, then the intermediate product should not be included in GDP, even if it is purchased by the enterprise that produces the final product. If the intermediate product has been included in GDP before, the final product value produced by the product can only be included in GDP after deducting the value of the intermediate product.
Gross National Product (gnp) refers to the final result of the initial income distribution of all permanent institutions in a country (region) within a certain period (year or quarter). The added value (GDP) created by the production activities of a country's permanent institutions is mainly distributed to the country's permanent institutions in the initial distribution process, but some of it is also distributed to the country's non-permanent institutions in the form of labor remuneration and property income. At the same time, part of the added value created by foreign production units is distributed to domestic permanent institutions in the form of workers' remuneration and property income. Thus, the concept of gross national product (GNP) came into being, which is equal to GDP plus labor remuneration and property income from abroad minus labor remuneration and property income paid to foreign workers. GNP is linked to the so-called national principle.
Gross national product is different from social gross product and national income. First, the accounting scope is different. Social GDP and national income only calculate the labor results of material production departments, while gross national product calculates the labor results of material production departments and non-material production departments. Second, the value composition is different, and the total value of social products is calculated by the total social output value; Gross national product calculates the added value in the process of producing products and providing services, that is, the added value, excluding the value of intermediate products and intermediate labor inputs. National income does not calculate the value of intermediate products, nor does it include the depreciation value of fixed assets, that is, only the net output value is calculated.
Gross national product reflects a country's economic level. According to GNP calculated at comparable prices, the economic development speed (economic growth rate) in different periods and regions can be calculated. There are three methods to calculate the gross national product: (1) production method (or department method), that is, the consumption of intermediate products and services is subtracted from the total output value (income) of each department to get the added value. The total added value of each department is the gross national product; (2) Expenditure method (or final product method), that is, personal consumption expenditure+government consumption expenditure+total domestic asset formation (including fixed capital formation and net increase or decrease of inventory)+the difference between export and import; (3) The income method (or the distribution method) regards the gross national product as the total added value created by various production factors (capital, land and labor). Therefore, it should be distributed among various factors of production in the form of wages, interest, rent, profits, capital consumption and net indirect taxes (that is, indirect taxes MINUS government subsidies). In this way, the total value of people's livelihood abroad can be calculated by summarizing the above-mentioned projects of various departments (material production departments and intangible production departments) in China.
Gross National Product (GNP) is the most important macroeconomic indicator, which refers to the sum of all the final products (including goods and services) expressed in money in a certain period (generally 1 year) of a country's national economy.
GNP can better reflect the real economic situation of a country than GDP, because GDP is the principle of territoriality, and GDP contains the income created by foreign companies in the country, which will eventually flow into foreign countries.
[Edit this paragraph] Calculation method of GDP
There are three ways to calculate GDP:
(1) expenditure method is a method to reflect the final destination of GDP from the perspective of end use. End-use includes total consumption, total investment and net export of goods and services. Namely: GDP = consumption expenditure+investment+net export calculation formula: GDP=C+I+G+(X-M).
GDP-gross domestic product
C- consumption expenditure is also called personal consumption expenditure.