The scientific and technological achievements of Ancient Egypt can be described as immense, and there are many scientific and technological achievements that have had a profound impact on future generations. Here are three aspects to introduce you:
Ancient Egypt as a civilization based on irrigation, it is the classic example of water empire. The hieroglyphics created had a strong influence on the later Phoenician alphabet, on which the Greek alphabet was created. In addition, buildings such as the Pyramids, the Alexandria Lighthouse, and the Temple of Amun reflect the Egyptians' superior building skills and mathematical knowledge, as well as their great achievements in geometry and calendars.
-10 and Split
The Ancient Egyptians adopted decimal notation at an early stage. In the surviving Leinster papyrus (named after the discovery by the Englishman Henri Leinster in 1858, now in the British Museum) and Moscow papyrus (now in Moscow) recorded a number of Egyptian mathematical problems, although only fragments, but still can show that at that time their math was quite successful. They counted up to 9 in sequence using an arrangement of strokes, and then represented 10 with a symbol that looked like a backwards U. But each digit of the three-digit number 111 was represented by a special symbol, instead of repeating 1 three times, as is done nowadays. This suggests that the Egyptians had not yet fully mastered the 10-digit system.
The arithmetic of the ancient Egyptians was mainly the operation of addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division were also done by turning them into addition and subtraction. Ancient Egyptian arithmetic was best characterized by the fraction algorithm, known as the splitting method - a method of using unit fractions to compute complex fractions. It is possible to do the four operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of fractions using the splitting method, but the splitting method is quite cumbersome and may have hindered the development of Egyptian arithmetic to some extent. Ancient Egyptians were also able to solve some algebraic equations, such as the simpler quadratic equations.
-Land Surveying - The Origin of Geometry
The ancient Egyptians summarized much of the theoretical knowledge of geometry from their production practices, and used them in their production practices, realizing the combination of theory and practice.
According to the Greek historian Herodotus speculated that Egypt, because the Nile River flooded the land boundaries every year, so it was necessary to re-establish the land boundaries, in order to determine the tax on these lands in that year, which gave rise to geometry. They established a method of calculating the area of a circle by subtracting its diameter from one-ninth of it and squaring it, which is equivalent to using 3.1605 as the circumference of a circle, but, of course, they did not yet have the concept of pi. They can also calculate the areas of rectangles, triangles, and trapezoids and the volumes of cubes, rectangles, and columns. They had formulas for calculating the volume of square cones that were identical to those we use today. Although we have seen little math literature from the ancient Egyptians, the huge stone buildings of the ancient Egyptians, especially the pyramids, tell us that all those stones were ground into squares with little or no error. It can be seen that the ancient Egyptian knowledge of mathematics also reached a fairly high level.
-20-meter-long medical tome
The earliest medical literature appeared in ancient Egypt around 3000 BC. The first Egyptian doctor to leave his name was Ianhotep, meaning "Peaceful Visitor," a royal physician and minister to King Zosse around 2900 B.C. Legend has it that he was the founder of Egyptian medicine. The earliest ancient Egyptian medical literature found today is mainly a list of remedies on papyrus, rarely describing the disease itself. Ebers papyrus (named after the modern discoverer), is a 30 centimeters wide, up to 20.23 meters long masterpiece, describes the symptoms of 47 diseases and diagnostic prescriptions, involving many diseases of internal medicine, such as diarrhea, lung disease, dysentery, ascites, as well as pharyngitis, ophthalmology, laryngeal and other ophthalmological diseases, as well as neurological disorders, gynecological disorders, pediatrics, etc., and in addition to the anatomical, physiological and pathological aspects of the record In addition, it also contains some knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology, and contains 877 prescriptions. It showed that the medicine at that time had reached a considerable level. This work, written in the 18th dynasty (1584-1320 BC), looks like a medical textbook, although it is still mixed with some witchcraft and superstition, but medicine has basically been separated from witchcraft.
Additionally, most of the hieroglyphs used by the ancient Egyptians to represent internal organs are similar to animal organs, indicating that they also did a lot of anatomical research on animals, and the biological knowledge of the ancient Egyptians was gradually enriched.
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