The difference between green buildings and traditional buildings
First, green buildings consume much less energy than traditional buildings. Traditional building energy consumption is very large, according to statistics, the building in the construction and use of the process of consuming 50% of the global energy, resulting in 34% of the pollution; green building greatly reduces the energy consumption, the full use of geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy; green building and traditional buildings, compared with the consumption of energy can be reduced by 70% -75%.
Secondly, green building respects local nature, humanities, climate, local conditions, and local materials, so there is no clear building model and rules. Traditional buildings use commercialized production technology, standardization and industrialization of the construction process, resulting in the same architectural style in the north and south of the Yangtze River, one side of a thousand cities; while green building emphasizes the use of local culture, raw materials, respect for local nature, climate conditions, and in the style of the localization of the localization of the style is completely, to create a new sense of aesthetics and healthy and comfortable living conditions
Thirdly, the green building Making full use of nature (such as green space, sunlight, air, etc.), focusing on the effective connection between inside and outside, the open layout has many differences compared to the closed traditional buildings. Traditional buildings are closed, completely isolated from the natural environment, the indoor environment is often not conducive to health; green building of the interior and exterior to take effective connectivity approach, will automatically adjust to climate change, the load of the house staff, the load of the environment, is sensitive to automatically adjust to create a very comfortable, healthy indoor environment for human beings.
Fourth, the green building process focuses on environmental factors throughout the process. Traditional building forms are only responsible for the environment in the construction process or the use of the process, while green building emphasizes the mining of raw materials, processing, transportation, until the use of the building, until the disposal of the building, demolition of the whole process, are responsible for the whole of mankind, responsible for the earth.
Misunderstanding of the impact of green building on project cost
A green building incremental cost calculation method is not clear
Green building incremental cost calculation at present there is no clear method of calculating the incremental cost of green building, the project reporting unit of the proposed data is not professional enough, especially in the calculation of "incremental cost", "does not subtract the incremental cost". In particular, when calculating the "incremental cost", the "standard value", i.e. the cost of adopting the corresponding technology in the standard building, is not subtracted. For example, the cost of ground-source heat pumps was directly calculated as the incremental cost without subtracting the cost of using conventional HVAC technology without ground-source heat pumps, which resulted in the calculation of the cost being too high, and as a result, it was assumed that the green building was a high-cost building.
The use of green building technology will not lead to a substantial increase in costs for three reasons: 1, confusing the concept of incremental cost and total cost, leading to the green building must be a substantial increase in the cost of the misperception; 2, the green building using different technology routes can make the same evaluation of the incremental cost of the green building level of the large differences, high star rating does not have to be high-cost in order to achieve. Individual green buildings have the phenomenon of green building technology stacking, excessive "green" and cause uneconomic, not low-carbon; 3, green building zero incremental cost, low incremental cost technology is used more and more, the use of high incremental cost of technology is relatively small, so that the incremental cost of green building is a downward trend.
According to the green building incremental cost statistics of 148 projects evaluated by China Urban Science Research Institute in 2012, the incremental costs of one-star, two-star and three-star green buildings for residential projects were 23.9 yuan/sqm, 70.9 yuan/sqm, and 131.8 yuan/sqm, respectively, and the incremental costs of one-star, two-star and three-star green buildings for public projects were 29.9 yuan/sqm, 70.9 yuan/sqm, and 131.8 yuan/sqm, respectively. 29.9 yuan/sqm, 87.3 yuan/sqm, 216.4 yuan/sqm. Through the analysis of green building economics, it is known that, except for very few green building projects, the general green building projects can recover the incremental cost brought by green technology in 5~10 years.
Two, green building is not necessarily high price
Green building is a broad concept, green does not mean high price and high cost. For example, the Yan'an kiln cave warm in winter and cool in summer, transformed it into a green building, the cost is not high; Xinjiang has a local characteristics of the building, its walls are made of local gypsum and breathable straw combination of high thermal insulation, coupled with a very localized roof, is a typical countryside green building, the cost of which is only 800 yuan/square metre, which can be said to be inexpensive and good value for money.
Three, green buildings are not necessarily high-tech
Many intelligent buildings, stay in the security, sound control and other aspects of the line to get very complex, the cost is also very high, and even high power consumption, this is not the development of intelligent buildings should be the road. Information age, intelligence should be more information, less energy. Now some places to implement the smart switch, with a cell phone can control the home energy switch, when you go in the winter, the heating switch off, half an hour before work, a cell phone press, you can start the heating switch, so that when you return home, the house has been warm. The owner can save 1/3 of the energy by not heating the home while he is working outside. Again, many southern regions, the house air conditioning 40% is to deal with the outdoor sun, install a very small intelligent temperature measurement device, when the sun is hot, the sunshade automatically rises, reduce the sunlight into the room, you can reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning.
Four, green building is not limited to new buildings
Many existing buildings are energy-consuming, do some small remodeling can make existing buildings become green buildings. For example, an 11-watt energy-saving lamps equivalent to 60-watt incandescent brightness; the use of electronic ballasts, compared with traditional ballasts to save 30%; frequency conversion air conditioning than conventional non-frequency conversion air conditioning energy saving 20% to 30%.
Green building on the impact of project cost
A costing model
Analysis of green building life cycle process factors affecting the cost of green building, according to the characteristics of the green building itself should be fully considered the cost of construction of the building and facilities in the handover of the operating costs. Statistics at home and abroad show that in the long run, the cost of the operation and maintenance phase of a project is much larger than its construction cost and is affected by its construction cost. Veterans Affairs (VA for short) is responsible for the operation and maintenance of 172 medical centers***2,000 buildings across the country. The VA uses a 40-year analysis cycle and a discount rate of 5% to conduct a full life-cycle cost analysis, and finds that the operation and maintenance cost is 7.7 times higher than the construction cost. Therefore, it is important to balance project construction costs and operation costs over the full life cycle of a project.
II. Influencing factors of green building project cost
1. Enclosure system: including external walls, roofs, doors, windows, sunshade and so on. In the wall project using aerated concrete to reduce the self-weight of the wall, will make the whole house load-bearing system has been improved, the number of component reinforcement will be reduced, the foundation depth will be shallow, and the surface of the wall than the clay standard brick level, plaster thickness and the building's self-weight is also reduced accordingly, so that the cost of the wall and the load-bearing structural system of the cost not only does not increase but also reduces a lot. If the cement polystyrene board as exterior wall insulation materials, the building's unilateral cost will increase by 60 yuan / square meter or so, energy-saving investment accounted for the entire project investment of 8.7-10%; if the use of fiber-reinforced polystyrene board for exterior wall insulation, the building's unilateral cost will increase by 50 yuan / square meter or so, energy-saving investment accounted for the entire project investment of 7.4-9.6%. Roofing project using extruded polystyrene foam wipe plastic cement polystyrene board and other new insulation materials, or the use of planted roofs can achieve effective energy saving purposes. Outer windows using double-glass plastic steel windows instead of single-glass plastic steel windows, the building's one-sided cost increase of about 50 yuan / square meter, energy-saving investment accounted for 8-9.6% of the investment in the entire project; the use of steel beam transparent thermal insulation coating glass, in winter can effectively prevent the loss of indoor heat loss in the summer can be effective in suppressing solar radiation, so that the indoor temperature of the bottom of the outdoor temperature, in order to achieve the purpose of saving air-conditioning power. According to statistical analysis of the southern region using ventilation, shading, building facade green and green roofs these three very simple technology can greatly reduce the use of air conditioning, can make the building energy consumption by more than 50%.
2. Renewable energy: including solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, biomass energy. At present, solar hot water utilization technology has been more mature, the relative cost of the bottom, solar photovoltaic power generation incremental cost because of the material and technical level, the price is still high, geothermal utilization mainly through the heat pump or underground laying of ventilation pipes in the form of relatively mature technology, but at a higher cost, wind energy, biomass energy also belongs to the high cost of the technology. German architects to create a successful "sunflower" type rotating house, equipped with infrared tracker like radar, as long as the day is bright, the motor in the room will start, so that the whole house to face the sun slowly rotating, always with the sun to maintain the best angle, so that the sunshine into the house to maximize; nightfall, the house and slowly reset without realizing it. When night falls, the house slowly resets without realizing it. This kind of house not only makes full use of solar energy to drive the movement of the house to ensure the daily heating and electricity, but also stores the bright light energy for use on cloudy days and nights. The Nast House uses special glass that protects against ultraviolet rays and allows only normal sunlight to enter, allowing for constant temperature even in winter; two natural gas fuel cells are enough to ensure full power supply at night and 5% of the daytime power demand; part of the hot water produced by the fuel cells is used to heat the building and the other part is used as daily hot water; and natural gas is used in the roof's heating and cooling equipment, instead of electricity, thus reducing the need for heating and electricity. The rooftop heating and cooling equipment also uses natural gas, not electricity, thus reducing the energy loss caused by the transmission of electricity; indoor sensors are installed to automatically control the switching of fans and lighting fixtures in areas where there are fewer people, such as stairwells; these energy-saving measures have reduced the energy loss of the entire building by 35% to 40%.
3. Water conservation measures cost: ① water utilization. The use of water refers to the community residents living in the wastewater concentration, after proper treatment to meet certain standards, and then reused in the community's green irrigation, vehicle washing, road washing, and family toilet flushing, etc., so as to achieve the purpose of water conservation. Beijing and other provinces and cities have been the first to promote the use of the cost is not high, the effect is obvious. ② rainwater collection and utilization. China's urban rainwater utilization started late, currently mainly in water-scarce areas have some small, local non-standard applications. In Germany and Japan and some other developed countries, urban rainwater resources and rainwater collection and utilization has a long history, its experience and methods of most of China's cities, especially for those cities with serious water shortages have reference significance. Rainwater belongs to high-quality water, collection and treatment costs are not high, is a technology that can be vigorously promoted.
4. Indoor environmental measures cost. The cost of indoor environmental measures includes the incremental cost of indoor ventilation devices, building sound insulation measures, indoor dust removal measures, garbage disposal and recycling devices, quality water supply and other measures. The city of Sydney, Australia, in anticipation of the world's attention to the 2000 Olympic Games, specially designed the world's first cross-century green stadium, so that people can experience the breath of environmental protection everywhere: power supply - from the roof of the pavilion located in the 1,000 groups of solar cells to complete the seat - 90% from waste materials made from. -90% from waste materials; paper - that is, all the posters, tickets, etc., ready to be posted or used during the event, all printed on recycled paper.
5. Building intelligence costs. The cost of building intelligence includes intelligent home systems, intelligent security systems, intelligent property systems, etc. for residential buildings. London skyscrapers use a lot of energy-saving tricks, as far as possible, the use of natural conditions of light and ventilation, the building is equipped with computer-controlled shutters, the building outside the installation of a weather sensing system that monitors the temperature, wind speed and light intensity. When necessary, the windows are automatically opened to bring in fresh air; it saves more than half the energy of the same building.
6. Energy-saving and environmentally friendly new technologies and techniques for buildings, such as: ①Pile foundation project, hydraulic static pile press is widely used to press prefabricated pre-stressed reinforced concrete piles, which makes less noise during the pile pressing process and is not easy to crack other buildings near the piles. ② Prefabricated prestressed reinforced concrete piles are finished piles, which are centrally produced by professionally qualified manufacturers, not only the quality of the piles is relatively stable, but also compared with the traditional concrete piles, pollution to the surrounding environment can be effectively avoided. ③ For the deeper pit construction, spray anchor wall treatment can avoid the collapsing and overturning phenomenon that often occurs in earth excavation. As the spray anchor wall construction is spray anchor while excavation, so no longer need to slope excavation, thus reducing the amount of earth excavation, to ensure the safety, but also saves the cost of the project.
Green building has always given people a noble image, in fact, to achieve energy saving 60% of the standard building, just in the original building cost on the basis of an increase of 5-7 percentage points, and increase the cost is expected to be recovered in five to eight years time, it can provide people with a comfortable indoor environment and natural external environment. 2012 Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Housing and Construction jointly issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Green Buildings in China", which puts forward the active development of green eco-city; and clarifies the financial incentive policy, rewarding 45 yuan per square meter for two-star green buildings, 80 yuan per square meter for three-star green buildings, and subsidizing green eco-city with 50 million yuan as the benchmark. Therefore, we have reason to adopt energy-saving measures in the financial evaluation of construction projects to be financial incentives.
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