One, planting season
Fungus belongs to the medium-temperature fungus, mycelium growth of the most suitable temperature of 24 ~ 25 ℃, the development of suitable temperature of the entity 20 ~ 25 ℃. The planting season is most suitable for the natural temperature in spring and fall, and it is also possible to take the winter planting room heating, summer field shade planting, so that the fungus can be planted all year round.
Second, the preparation of culture material
The raw materials for planting psyllium are very wide, with cottonseed shells being the most ideal, in addition, miscellaneous wood shavings, corn cobs, bagasse and so on are also commonly used raw materials. Commonly used culture material formula is: ① cottonseed shells 85%, 13% bran, gypsum powder 1.5%, sucrose 0.5%; ② cottonseed shells 80%, 15% bran, cornstarch 3%; gypsum powder 1%, sucrose 1%; ③ miscellaneous wood shavings 76%, 20% bran, gypsum powder 2%, sucrose 1.3%, magnesium sulfate 0.4%, urea 0.3%.
Farmers can choose any one of the formulas according to their actual situation. When preparing the culture material, first sieve the raw materials such as wood chips, cottonseed shells, bagasse, etc., and eliminate the mixed sand, metal, wood and other substances. Then pour the cottonseed hulls or wood shavings onto the mixing field and pile them into a mountain shape, then spread the wheat bran evenly from the tip of the mountain downward, and spread the gypsum powder evenly around. Mix the dry material on top first, then dissolve the soluble additives, such as sucrose, magnesium sulfate, urea, etc., in water, and then pour it into the dry material and mix it evenly again and again. Add 100-130 kg of water for every 100 kg of dry material, so that the water content of the culture material is about 60%. Detection is: hand grasp the culture material hold tight, if the hand between the fingers of the water seepage, but not dripping, this time is the most appropriate.
Three, bagging, sterilization, inoculation
1. Bagging
After mixing the culture material, it should be put into a plastic bag in time. Planting psyllium with plastic bags are usually made of high-density low-pressure polyethylene raw materials, semi-transparent, flexible and tough, cold-resistant, tension-resistant, can withstand high temperatures of 100 ℃. Planting bag length of about 55 centimeters, diameter 8 to 10 centimeters, the bottom of the bag is well sealed.
Scale cultivation of psyllium usually use bagging machine loading, can be loaded 800 to 1000 bags per hour. The method of loading is: open the mouth of the bag, the whole bag into the loading machine outlet sleeve, hands tight plastic bag. When the culture material from the sleeve source into the bag, the right hand to support the head of the bag to the inner pressure, so that the culture material loaded tightly loaded. When the culture material loaded to about 5 cm from the mouth of the bag position, with cotton yarn wrapped around the mouth of the bag 3 to 4 circles, and then folded over the bundle 3 to 4 circles, so that the mouth of the bag is sealed. Generally every 100 kg of culture material, can be filled with 55 cm long, 8 to 10 cm in diameter, 200 bags of planting bags. In addition, if it is a small-scale planting, farmers do not have a bagging machine, you can also use manual bagging, manual loading, be sure to fill the culture material tight compaction.
After the end of the loading, the inoculation hole is transferred to the process. Inoculation hole, also known as inoculation eye, you can use a special hole punch or homemade steel pipe, in the front of the bag to play 3 to 4 inoculation holes, hole diameter of 1.2 centimeters, depth of 2 centimeters or so, inoculation holes between the distance to be uniform.
After playing the inoculation hole, the side length of about 3 cm of white tape on the inoculation hole, so that the tape is tightly attached to the bag film. If the sealing tape is not tightly pasted, when the bag is sterilized, it will make the moisture penetrate into the bag, causing the tape to be wet and easy to invade stray bacteria.
2. Sterilization
After pasting the tape, you can enter the sterilization process. The purpose of sterilization is to kill the harmful substances in the medium to ensure that the fungus grows smoothly. When the amount of psyllium planting large, the use of atmospheric steam sterilization. The equipment for atmospheric steam sterilization is the atmospheric sterilization stove, which is made of bricks into a rectangular stove, according to the size of the production scale, the specifications of the stove body can be designed by yourself. In the stove assembled on a pan made of steel plate, the length and width of the pan and the stove is equal to the height of 60 to 70 centimeters. A wooden board is installed on top of the pan, about 20 centimeters from the bottom of the pan, to stack the bags. There is a water filler next to the pan; there are steel hooks around it for tying the rope.
It is best to send the bags into the steam bin of the atmospheric sterilization stove for sterilization within 2 hours of loading. Medium into the stove in the stacking of bags, should take a line after line, bottom-up cross discharge, the upper and lower bags to form a straight line, leaving a gap in the middle, so that the airflow from the bottom to the top of the smooth, the steam can run evenly. Stacked bags after the cover tight film, covered with canvas or sacks, and then tied with a rope in the stove on the steel hook, tied around, above the pressure on the weight to prevent the steam impulse to cover things fly. Sterilization should be attacked with a strong fire, so that the temperature in the steam bin within 5 hours to rise rapidly to 100 ℃, and maintain a constant temperature of 100 ℃ for 15 to 18 hours, no cease-fire in the middle of the process, no cooling, so that sterilization can be thorough. After reaching the sterilization requirements, you can cease fire unloading bags. When unloading the bag, the operator should put on cotton gloves to prevent steam handle burns.
Sterilized bags, to move into the germ room, the germ room must be clean and sanitary, well ventilated. Because of the bags of inoculation in the germ room for germ culture, so in order to ensure that the germ room closed insulation, to the germ room around the inner wall covered with a layer of plastic film. After the bags are moved into the inoculation room, 4 bags per layer, overlapping into a "well" type placement, and leave a stacking distance, so that the bags as soon as possible to dissipate heat cooling.
3. Strain Preparation
Buy high purity strains from regular strain production units that are free of stray bacteria, have vigorous growth, and are about 7-10 days old. As the silver fungus strain is composed of a mixture of silver fungus mycelium and fragrant ash mycelium, while silver fungus mycelium grows in the surface layer of the medium, fragrant ash mycelium grows in the deep layer of the medium, therefore, the strain must be mixed before inoculation. Seed mixing should be carried out in the inoculation box, inoculation box, also known as aseptic box, the box is surrounded by a wooden frame, the front of the glass, the inoculation box sealing is relatively good, to prevent the inoculation of the invasion of stray bacteria. In the front of the inoculation box to open two round operating holes, the distance between the two holes for 0.25 ~ 0.3 meters, to facilitate the operator's hands into the box for operation. The front side should be left to move the small door, in order to load, take out the inoculation of materials and tools. When using the first strain and inoculation of the tools needed into the box, and then according to each cubic meter of space with 40% formaldehyde solution 10 ml, with 7 grams of potassium permanganate, mixed with gas disinfection, sterilization after 30 minutes can be used. The method of seed mixing is: the operator puts on sterile gloves, pulls out the cotton plug at the mouth of the bottle of fungus, first uses the inoculation spade to dig out a thin layer of the original base of the fungus on the surface layer of the fungus, and then puts the electric seed stirrer into the bottle of fungus, and then stirs the fungus slowly from top to bottom to make the two kinds of mycelium mix evenly, so as to ensure that the ear is neat and tidy. After mixing the strains, stuff the cotton plug in the mouth of the bottle, and transfer the seed bottle to the inoculation room to wait for inoculation.
4. Inoculation
After the bag is sterilized and cooled, the temperature of the material should be reduced to less than 28℃ before inoculation. If the material temperature is too high, the strains will be scalded to death, resulting in failure to produce ears. Before inoculation, we should do a good job of disinfection of the inoculation room and tools, the method is: when the bag into the room, each cubic meter with 66% sodium dichloroisocyanurate fumigant 2 to 3 grams of fumigation for 5 hours, disinfection and sterilization.
The best choice for inoculation is midnight or early morning on a sunny day, when the temperature is low, the bacteria are dormant, the propagation force is weak, and the inoculation is safer. Inoculation, the bag is arranged on the operating table, the first sticker to seal the mouth of the cavity of the tape turned up a corner, handheld spring inoculator, from the bottle of strains out of the strains, the strains into the inoculation hole, a little compaction, and then stick the hand to seal the mouth of the cavity on the top of the tape on it. The amount of inoculation for each 750 ml bottle of psyllid strains connected to 40 to 50 bags.
Four, hair fungus culture
After inoculation of the bag is called fungus bag, also called fungus stick, fungus tube. After inoculation, the bags are stacked horizontally and vertically in the inoculation room by 4 to 5 bags per layer, each stack is about 1.5 meters high, for the development of bacterial culture.
The indoor temperature is controlled at 26～27℃ for the first 3 days, and when the temperature exceeds 30℃, we should open the doors and windows to ventilate and cool down every morning or at night, and when the temperature is lower than 20℃, we should close the doors and windows and use charcoal or electric stove to add heat. The 4th day mycelium obviously began to eat the material, long full inoculation hole, at this time the room temperature should be lowered to 23 ~ 25 ℃, and a turn over the pile to check, pick up the bags infected by stray bacteria in a timely manner. In addition, the relative humidity of the indoor air at the stage of germination should be controlled at 65% to 70%, and ventilation should be ensured 1 to 2 times a day for 20 to 30 minutes each time. Under suitable conditions, the bags are cultivated in the germination room for about 8 days, the mycelium can stretch to the tape side of the inoculation hole, and when the diameter of the fungus ring is 8-10 centimeters, it is necessary to transfer the bags from the germination room to the psyllium planting room for management.
Fifth, out of the ear management
So, what are the requirements of planting ginkgo planting room?
The specifications of the professional planting room for ginkgo ear are 9 meters long, 4 meters wide and 4 meters high, and farmers can also use the housing and straw houses as planting rooms. Requirements for the room walls and floors solid and dense, no holes, cracks, so as to avoid the breeding of fungi and pests. The room should be bright, with sufficient diffused light. Both should be conducive to heat preservation, but also to facilitate ventilation. Room with 8 to 11 layers of shelf bed, each layer 25 to 35 centimeters high, 75 centimeters wide, once can discharge ear bags 3000 to 3500.
The fungus bags moved into the psyllium planting room, should be discharged in a timely manner in the culture frame, bags and bags to be 2 to 3 centimeters apart, in order to facilitate heat dissipation. After transferring the bags to the planting room, it enters the management of the ear stage. Good or bad management during the ear emergence period directly affects the yield and quality of psyllium. Below, we will follow the growth and development of psyllium, for you to introduce what management measures to do during the ear.
1. The formation period of the entity
The fungus bag is transferred to the planting room, then enter the formation period of the entity. Cultivated in the planting room after 4 to 5 days, that is, 12-13 days after inoculation, mycelium gradually covered the entire bag, this time the bag of oxygen has been basically consumed, so it should be timely to use a razor blade in the tape around the cut, and then the inoculation hole on the tape one-time removal, so that fresh air into the bag. After uncovering the tape, put the bag of fungus bag next to a bag on the side of the culture frame, covered with a layer of newspaper, and then sprayed with a sprayer on top of the newspaper, to promote the growth of mycelium and the differentiation of the original base of the white hair group into a substrate.
After the inoculation of 13-18 days of the white hairs of the original base gradually differentiated into a child entity, this period of time is very critical, the slightest negligence will make the silver fungus yield reduction or even extinction. In this period of management, the temperature should be controlled at 20 ~ 25 ℃, the relative humidity of the air should be maintained at 85% ~ 93%. It is necessary to frequently observe whether the seed hole is a white hairy mass of the original base or yellow water appears, if there is too much yellow water, it should be poured out or tilt the hole of the psyllium bag to let the yellow water flow out, and pay attention to cooling and moisturizing. When the temperature is higher than 28 ℃, ventilation should be strengthened to spray water, before spraying water, the newspaper should be lifted by hand, gently shaking, and then spraying water on top of the newspaper; ventilation once a day in the morning and evening, each ventilation for about 20 minutes.
2. Substrate growth period
About the 18th day after inoculation, when the young ear grows to 3-4 centimeters, it enters the substrate growth period. During the growth period of the fruiting body, the temperature should be kept at 23～25℃, and the relative humidity of the air should be kept between 90% and 95%. When the temperature is too low, warming should be carried out; when the temperature is too high, ventilation should be strengthened and water should be sprayed on the newspaper to cool down the temperature. Around the 25th day after inoculation, when the fruiting body grows to 6 to 8 cm, if the humidity is too low you can lift the newspaper, directly to the young ear spray water, spray 2 to 3 times a day, after spraying the water to be ventilated for about 1 hour, so that the temperature is maintained at 20 to 25 ℃.
3. Substrate maturation
About 30 days after inoculation, when the substrate body grows to about 12 cm in diameter, it enters the maturation period. To stop spraying water during the ripening period, the humidity in the space of the ear room should be reduced to about 80% at this stage, and the temperature should be controlled at 23～24℃. In the maturity period, the general ventilation 3 times a day, each time about 30 minutes, so that the indoor air to keep fresh, the child entity has a sufficient amount of oxygen. When the psyllids enter the maturity period, in addition to stopping humidity and ventilation, they also need a certain amount of diffused light. The light can promote the whitening of the color of the ear piece, but also can kill the bacteria on the ear piece. For this reason, every morning from 8 to 10 o'clock should open the door and windows, let the sunlight penetrate into the ear rack, irradiation of the substrate, promote the ear piece color whitening, so that the ear piece thicker, stretching neatly, in order to obtain high-quality silver ear.
Sixth, the silver ear harvest
The silver ear can be harvested 35 to 40 days after inoculation. Mature fungus, shaped like chrysanthemums or peonies, bright white or beige in color, slightly elastic; ear pieces are all unfolded, the texture is loose, and usually the diameter of the fruiting body can reach 10-15 cm, with a fresh weight of about 150-250 grams. In addition, can also be based on the weight of the bag to determine whether the fungus is already mature, fully mature son entity, because the culture material has been decomposed and consumed, so the bag is very light.
The best place to harvest the fungus is in the morning on a sunny day. When harvesting, use your hands to tear the whole thing off from the ear base, and pay attention to preventing the fungus chaff in the ear base from sticking to the ear piece. Harvested down the silver ear, to be placed in a clean basket, pay attention to light picking light put, do not press. After harvesting the silver fungus, we should first scrape the impurities from the tip with a knife, and then put it in the sink and rinse it with clean water. Finally, use the dryer to dry the silver ear, or dry the silver ear in the sun. After this treatment, the silver fungus can be sold. High-quality commercial silver fungus is dried to a beige color, no mold, and no impurities.
Planting technology of psyllium. Ginkgo is the main planting varieties of edible fungi, ordinary farmers use 30 to 40 square meters of room, each planting 3,000 to 3,500 bags, according to each batch of ginkgo production cycle of 35 to 40 days, a year can be planted 5 to 6 batches.