How to calculate GDP?

Production method: GDP = ∑ total output of each industrial sector-intermediate consumption of each industrial sector: income method: GDP = ∑ remuneration of workers in each industrial sector+∑ depreciation of fixed assets in each industrial sector+∑ net production tax in each industrial sector+∑ operating profit in each industrial sector; Expenditure method: GDP= = total consumption+total investment+net export. 1. The expenditure method accounts for the gross domestic product. The expenditure method accounts for the gross domestic product, which is to add up the expenditures of the final products produced in a certain year from the use of the products to calculate the market value of the final products produced in that year. This method is also called final product method and product flow method. If Q 1, Q2...qn are used to represent the output of various final products, while P 1, P2...pn are used to represent the prices of various final products, then the formula for accounting GDP by expenditure method is: Q 1P65438+Q2P2+...qnpn = in real life, the sum of products and. Therefore, using the expenditure method to calculate GDP is to calculate the sum of the expenditures of residents, enterprises, government procurement and exports in a certain period of time in a country or region. Household consumption (represented by the letter C) includes expenditures on durable consumer goods such as refrigerators, color TVs, washing machines and automobiles, expenditures on non-durable consumer goods such as clothing and food, and expenditures on services such as medical care, tourism and haircuts. The expense of building a house is not consumption. Enterprise investment (indicated by the letter I) refers to the expenditure of increasing or updating capital assets (including factory buildings, machinery and equipment, houses and inventories). Investment includes fixed assets investment and inventory investment. Investment in fixed assets refers to the investment in building new factories, purchasing new equipment and building new houses. Why does housing belong to investment rather than consumption? Because houses, like other fixed assets, are used for a long time and consume slowly. Inventory investment is the increase (or decrease) of the inventory value held by enterprises. If the national enterprise inventory is 200 billion dollars at the beginning of the year and 220 billion dollars at the end of the year, then the inventory investment is 20 billion dollars. Inventory investment may be positive or negative, because the inventory value at the end of the year may be greater or less than the inventory at the beginning of the year. Enterprise inventory is regarded as an investment because it can generate income. The investment included in GDP refers to the total investment, that is, the sum of replacement investment and net investment, and replacement investment is depreciation. The division between investment and consumption is not absolute, and the specific classification depends on the provisions in actual statistics. Government procurement (represented by the letter G) refers to the expenditure of governments at all levels on purchasing goods and services, including the expenditure of the government on purchasing arms, military and police services, office supplies and office facilities of government agencies, holding public projects such as roads, and opening schools. The wages paid by the government to government employees are also purchased by the government. Government purchase is a substantial expenditure, which is manifested in the two-way flow of goods, services and money, directly forming social demand and becoming an integral part of GDP. Government purchase is only a part of government expenditure, and another part of government expenditure, such as government transfer payment and interest on public debt, is not included in GDP. Government transfer payment is the expenditure that the government does not pay for the goods and services produced this year, including the expenditure that the government uses for social welfare, social insurance, unemployment relief, poverty subsidies, old-age security, medical and health care, agricultural subsidies and so on. Government transfer payment means that the government can transfer and redistribute income among different members of society through its functions, and transfer the income of some people to the hands of other people. Its essence is the redistribution of wealth. When there is a government transfer payment, that is, when the government pays these fees, it does not get any goods and services accordingly. Government transfer payment is a monetary expenditure, and the total income of the whole society has not changed. Therefore, government transfer payments are not included in GDP. Net export (represented by the letter X-M, X stands for export and M stands for import) refers to the difference between import and export. Imports should be deducted from the total domestic purchases, because it means that income flows abroad, and it is not the expenditure of buying domestic products; Exports should be added to the country's total purchases, because exports represent the inflow of foreign income, that is, the expenditure on buying domestic products. Therefore, net exports should be included in the total expenditure. The net export may be positive or negative. The above four items add up to the formula for calculating GDP by expenditure method: GDP = C+I+G +(X-M). Second, use the income method to calculate GDP. Using the income method to calculate GDP is to add up all kinds of income obtained by factors of production from the perspective of income, that is, to add up wages obtained by labor, land rent obtained by land owners, interest obtained by capital and profits obtained by entrepreneurs to calculate GDP. This method is also called factor payment method and factor cost method. In a simple economy without government, the added value of an enterprise is the GDP it creates, which is equal to factor income plus depreciation. However, when the government intervenes, it often collects indirect taxes, and the GDP at this time should also include indirect taxes and corporate transfer payments. Indirect tax is a tax levied on product sales, including goods tax and turnover tax. This tax is nominally levied on enterprises, but enterprises can include it in the production cost and eventually pass it on to consumers, so it should also be regarded as a cost. Similarly, there are corporate transfer payments (that is, corporate social charitable donations to non-profit organizations and bad debts of consumers), which are not the income created by production factors, but should be transferred to consumers through product prices, so they should also be regarded as costs. Capital depreciation should also be included in GDP. Because although it is not factor income, it is included in the total input. Also, the income of non-corporate business owners should also be included in GDP. The income of non-corporate business owners refers to the income of doctors, lawyers, shopkeepers and farmers. They use their own funds and are self-employed. Their wages, interest and rent are difficult to be divided into wages, interest on their own funds, rent on their own houses, etc. Just like the company's accounts, their wages, interest, profits and rents are often mixed together as the income of non-corporate business owners. In this way, the formula of income method is: GDP = salary+interest+profit+rent+indirect tax and enterprise transfer payment+depreciation. Theoretically, GDP calculated by income method is equal to GDP calculated by expenditure method. 3. Accounting GDP by production method Accounting GDP by production method refers to calculating GDP according to the output value of various departments providing material products and services. Production law is also called department law. This calculation method reflects the source of GDP. When using this method to calculate, all production departments should deduct the output value of the intermediate products used and only calculate the added value. Business, service industry and other departments also use the value-added method to calculate. Health, education, administration, family services and other departments can not calculate its value-added, so the value of their services is calculated according to wage income. According to the mode of production, GDP can be divided into the following sectors: agriculture, forestry and fisheries; Mining; Construction industry; Manufacturing industry; Transportation industry; Posts and telecommunications and public utilities; Electricity, gas and tap water industries; Wholesale and retail trade; Finance, insurance, real estate; Service industry; Government services and government enterprises. The GDP calculated by the production method can be obtained by adding up the GDP produced by the above departments, adding the net income of foreign factors and considering the statistical error term. Theoretically speaking, the GDP calculated by expenditure method, income method and production method are equal in quantity, but there are often errors in actual accounting, so it is necessary to add a statistical error item to make them consistent. In actual statistics, the expenditure method of the national economic accounting system is generally adopted as the basic method, that is, the GDP calculated by the expenditure method is taken as the standard. Four, more than two national income accounting systems are the western national income accounting system (SNA). Based on western economic theory, this system holds that the labor activities that create material products and provide services are all value-creating production activities, and takes gross domestic product (GDP) as the core index for accounting national economic activities. Western national income accounting system is a national economic accounting method adopted by most countries at present, and it is a more reasonable and scientific accounting system. First of all, with the trend of globalization, integration, marketization and informationization in the world economy, information, knowledge, technology and labor departments are playing an increasingly important role in economic life, and the value created by the tertiary industry accounts for an increasing proportion in modern economic life, while the position of material production in the whole economic life is relatively declining. Therefore, intangible productive services should be brought into the national income accounting system, and it is necessary to bring the market value of all paid services into GDP. Secondly, it is reasonable to distinguish between nominal GDP and real GDP when calculating national income according to SNA. Of course, this system is also flawed in measuring the total output level, economic development level and living standard of the national economy with GDP. For example, non-market trading activities (such as housework and self-sufficient production) cannot be reflected, people's enjoyment and safety of leisure cannot be explained, the degree of environmental pollution in a country cannot be reflected, and there are inevitably some double counting, and so on. Before the end of the Cold War in 1990s, there was another national economic accounting system, namely, the Material Product Balance Sheet System (MPS) of the centrally planned economy countries, which was adopted by the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China. This system is based on Marx's theory of reproduction, with gross social output value and national income as the basic indicators to reflect the total achievements of national economic activities. This accounting system has adapted to the highly centralized planning management system and played an important role, but with the reform and development of the global market economy system, its defects have become increasingly prominent. For example, it can not reflect the development of intangible production departments such as information and labor services, which is not conducive to reflecting comprehensive national strength and rationally adjusting industrial structure; Can not systematically reflect the movement of social funds, which is not conducive to national macro-management and regulation; It can't reflect the whole picture of the national economic cycle and the links between each link, which is not conducive to the country to grasp the comprehensive balance of the whole economic operation. Therefore, Eastern Europe, Russian and other countries with economies in transition and China gradually adopted the western national economic accounting system. Since 1985, China has officially adopted GDP index as the main index to assess the development of national economy and formulate the strategic objectives of economic development. At present, China has calculated and published the figures of GDP, but has not yet calculated and published the figures of GDP, national income, personal income and disposable personal income.