Part I: Occupational Disease Hazard Protection Knowledge Publicity
Several common occupational disease prevention and control knowledge
First, the knowledge of pneumoconiosis
1, what is pneumoconiosis?
Pneumoconiosis is a systemic disease caused by prolonged inhalation of productive dust in production activities with diffuse fibrosis of lung tissue as the main cause. Pulmonary fibrosis is the overgrowth of fibrous tissue in the interstitium of the lungs, which in turn destroys normal lung tissue, reducing the elasticity of the lungs and affecting their normal respiratory function.
2. What are the legal pneumoconiosis in China?
Pneumoconiosis is a collective term for lung fibrosis diseases caused by productive dust. China's legal occupational disease catalog includes silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, electro-ink pneumoconiosis, carbon ink pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, talcum pneumoconiosis, cement pneumoconiosis, mica pneumoconiosis, potter's pneumoconiosis, aluminum pneumoconiosis, welders' pneumoconiosis, casting pneumoconiosis, and other pneumoconioses which can be diagnosed according to "Diagnostic Standards for Diseases of the Pneumatic Diseases" and "Diagnostic Standards for Pneumoconiosis". Pneumoconiosis and other thirteen types of pneumoconiosis.
3. What are the clinical manifestations of pneumoconiosis?
Pneumoconiosis has no specific clinical manifestations, and its clinical manifestations are mostly related to comorbidities. Early silicosis in pneumoconiosis has no obvious self-conscious symptoms, or only very mild self-conscious symptoms, which are often found through occupational health examination.
However, as the disease progresses, especially in advanced silicosis, there are mild or severe respiratory-based conscious symptoms. A common first symptom in patients is shortness of breath. In more serious cases, shortness of breath is noticeable when doing light physical labor, walking uphill, or climbing stairs.
When the disease is serious or there are complications, due to the respiratory and circulatory functions are significantly impaired, there will be chest tightness, shortness of breath, coughing, coughing up sputum, chest pain, dyspnea, but also hemoptysis, weakness, lethargy, insomnia, loss of appetite and so on. If there is fever, hepatomegaly and swelling, it may be complicated by other diseases.
4. How to prevent pneumoconiosis?
The key to preventing pneumoconiosis lies in maximizing the prevention of inhalation of harmful dust, and as long as proper measures are taken, pneumoconiosis is completely preventable. So what are the preventive measures? Our country has formulated the "leather, water, dense, wind, protection, management, education, investigation" eight-point policy for dust prevention and reduction, which can be roughly divided into two aspects: technical measures to eliminate or reduce dust hazards with engineering measures is the most fundamental measure for the prevention of pneumoconiosis.
Health care measures ① Dust workers' health monitoring: including pre-job physical examination, regular health checkups in the job and physical examination at the time of leaving the job, and the follow-up checkup after leaving the job for the workers with long working experience in dust catching according to the regulations. ② personal protection and personal hygiene: wear dust protective gear, such as dust helmets, dust masks, air helmets, air masks, etc., pay attention to personal hygiene, diligent change of work clothes, diligent bathing.
5. Which industries and work types are prone to pneumoconiosis?
Mining: the mining of various metal mines, coal mining and coal mining, as well as the mining of other metal mines, is the main operating environment that produces pneumoconiosis, the main types of work are rock drilling, blasting, pillars, transportation;
Metal smelting: crushing of metal-bearing ores, sieving and transportation;
Mechanical Manufacturing: foundry sand, molding, casting sand, sandblasting and welding operations; building materials, building materials and construction materials; sand, sand, sand, sandblasting and welding operations. and welding operations; building materials industry: such as refractories, glass, cement, stone production in the mining, crushing, grinding, screening, mixing, etc.; asbestos mining, transportation and textile;
Road, railroad, water conservancy construction of tunnels, blasting and so on.
6, how to choose the dust mask (mask), how long need to be replaced?
The selection of dust masks should pay attention to three points: the first is that the mask should be able to effectively prevent dust from entering the respiratory tract. An effective dust mask must be able to prevent fine dust, especially for 5 microns of dust into the respiratory tract, that is, it must be nationally recognized "dust mask". It must be pointed out that the general gauze mask is not dustproof. The second is the suitability, that is, the mask should be adapted to the face, to ensure that the maximum air will not be from the gap between the mask and the face does not go through the mask's filtration into the respiratory tract, according to the instructions for the use of the correct wear. The third is to wear comfortable, mainly to be able to effectively block the dust, but also to make wearing a mask after breathing effortless, light weight, wear hygiene, maintenance and convenience.
Dust masks worn for a long time will reduce or lose the effect of dust, so it must be regularly replaced in accordance with the instructions for the use of masks. Use to prevent extrusion deformation, pollution into the water, careful maintenance.
7. Suspecting that I may have pneumoconiosis, where should I go for diagnosis and medical treatment?
If you suspect that you have pneumoconiosis, you should first go to the original work unit to get the relevant certificates of occupational history, and then go to the place where the unit is located or the place where you reside to get the diagnosis of occupational disease from the medical and health institutions which are responsible for the diagnosis of occupational disease according to the law, and the medical and health institutions should be approved by the health administrative department of the people's government at or above the provincial level. Specifically, you can consult with the local health department.
8. What should I do if I have pneumoconiosis?
Fibrosis of pneumoconiosis is an irreversible lesion, and there is no cure for it. Therefore, for those who have been diagnosed with pneumoconiosis, first of all, they should be transferred away from the dust operation immediately, and make proper arrangements for work or recuperation; secondly, they should carry out fitness therapy, insist on physical exercise and strengthen nutrition in order to improve the resistance of the body; thirdly, they should pay attention to psychological treatment, and help the patients to eliminate the fearfulness and paralysis; fourthly, they should actively treat the comorbidities and complications.
Second, the occupational hazards of welding and protection
In today's rapid socio-economic development, welding operation involves almost all industrial areas, the number of welders has risen sharply, welding in the occupational hazards are also becoming more prominent. Special operations welding, its main occupational hazards are dust, toxic gases, high temperature, arc light, high-frequency electromagnetic fields.
1, the main hazards of welding operations:
The hazards of metal fume, welding fume composition due to the use of different welding rods and differences. Welding rod by the core and flux composition. Welding core in addition to containing a large amount of iron, carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium, nickel, sulfur and phosphorus, etc.; flux skin within the material is mainly composed of marble, fluorescent stone, rutile, pure salty, water glass, manganese and iron. Welding, arc discharge produces 4000 ℃ a 6000 ℃ high temperature, in the melting electrode and welding at the same time, produced a large number of soot, the composition of which is mainly for the iron oxide, manganese oxide, silica, silicate, etc., soot particles diffuse in the operating environment, it is very easy to be inhaled into the lungs. Long-term inhalation will cause fibrous lesions in lung tissue, which is called welder's pneumoconiosis, and is often accompanied by manganese poisoning, fluorosis and metal fume fever and other complications.
The harm of toxic gases, under the high temperature and strong ultraviolet rays produced by the welding arc, a large number of toxic gases will be produced around the arc area, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and so on. Arc light radiation hazards, welding arc light mainly includes infrared, visible light and ultraviolet. Among them, ultraviolet light is mainly through photochemical effects on the human body to produce harm, it damages the eyes and exposed skin, causing keratoconjunctivitis (electro-optical ophthalmia) and skin bilirubinopathy.
Second, the protection of occupational hazards of welding operations
Improvement of welding technology, improve the welding process and materials. By improving welding technology, so that welding operations to achieve mechanization, automation, people and welding environment is isolated from the fundamental elimination of welding operations on the human body hazards. As most of the hazards produced by welding and welding rod flux skin composition, so by improving the welding rod materials, choose non-toxic or low-toxic electrodes, is also one of the effective measures to reduce the welding hazards.
Improve the ventilation of the workplace. Ventilation can be divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation, of which mechanical ventilation is to rely on the pressure generated by the fan to change the air, dust removal, detoxification effect is better, and therefore, in the poor natural ventilation indoor, closed containers for welding, there must be mechanical ventilation measures.
Strengthen personal protection measures. Strengthening personal protection can prevent the hazards of toxic gases and dust produced during welding. Operators must use the appropriate protective glasses, masks, masks, gloves, wear white protective clothing, insulated shoes, and never wear short-sleeved clothing or roll up the sleeves,
Part II: Occupational Health Publicity KnowledgeThree Measures for Preventing the Hazards of Dust
Dust prevention countermeasures need to be taken for the process, process equipment, materials, operating conditions, labor The dust countermeasures need to process equipment, process materials, operating conditions, labor health protection facilities, personal protective equipment and other technical measures to optimize the combination, to take a comprehensive countermeasures. Comprehensive measures include technical measures, organizational and management measures and health care measures. Technical measures are the key, the fundamental measures to control and eliminate the source of dust pollution, organizational and management measures are the guarantee of technical measures, and health care measures are auxiliary measures. Dust comprehensive measures include: publicity and education, technological innovation, wet protection, closed dust sources, ventilation and dust removal, individual protection, maintenance and management, supervision and inspection.
1, technical measures
Technical measures to prevent dust hazards is the center of the measures, mainly in the management of dust control does not meet the dust requirements of the dust-producing operations and operations, with the aim of eliminating or reducing the generation of productive dust, fugitive, as well as reducing the concentration of dust as much as possible in the operating environment.
l) Reform process, innovation and production equipment, is to eliminate dust hazards of the fundamental way. Should be from the design of the production process, equipment selection, as well as dust-producing machinery in the factory should have to meet the dust requirements of the equipment and other aspects of the start.
2) Wet operation is an economical and easy to prevent dust flying effective measures. All can be wet production operations can be used. For example, the mine's wet rock drilling, scouring the roadway, purifying the air intake, etc., quartz, ore, etc., wet crushing or spray sprinkling, glass ceramics industry, wet mixing, foundry industry, wet sand molding, wet open box sand, chemical sand, etc..
3) airtight, suction, dust, can not take the wet operation of the dust position, should be used to airtight suction dust removal methods. Any equipment that can produce dust should be closed as much as possible, and local mechanical suction, so that the closed equipment to maintain a certain negative pressure to prevent the dust from escaping. Extracted dusty air must be purified through dust removal before discharge to avoid contamination of the atmosphere.
2, health care measures
Prevention of dust hazards to human health, the first step is to eliminate or reduce the occurrence of the source, which is the most fundamental measure. The second is to reduce the concentration of dust in the air. Finally, it is to reduce the opportunity for dust to enter the human body
and mitigate the hazards of dust. Health care measures belong to the last link in the prevention, although belonging to the auxiliary measures, but still occupies an important position.
1) personal protection and personal hygiene, the conditions are limited by a moment of dust concentration does not reach the permissible concentration of standard operations, wearing a suitable dust mask has become an important measure. Dust masks to filter dust rate, high air permeability, light weight, does not affect the workers' field of vision and operation. Carry out physical exercise and pay attention to nutrition. It is of some significance to increase the physical fitness and improve the resistance. In addition, attention should be paid to personal hygiene habits, do not smoke. Comply with the dust operating procedures, strict implementation of the system of not wearing dust masks do not go on duty to operate.
2) pre-employment and regular physical examination, the new workers engaged in dust operations, must be a health check, the purpose is mainly to find dust operations employment contraindications and as health information. Regular physical examination is aimed at early detection of dust damage to health, found to be inappropriate to engage in dust operations when the disease, timely transfer away.
3) Protecting the pneumoconiosis patients can get suitable arrangement and enjoy the due treatment permitted by the national policy, and they should be appraised of their labor capacity and properly placed.
3. Organizational measures
Strengthen supervision and inspection, and do a good job of occupational health promotion.
Measures to prevent heat stroke
1. Technical measures
1) Reasonable design of process flow: reasonable design of process flow, improvement of production equipment and operating methods is a fundamental measure to improve the labor conditions of high-temperature work.
2) heat insulation: heat insulation is an important measure to prevent radiation. You can use water or thermal conductivity of small materials for thermal insulation, especially water insulation effect is the best, the specific heat of water, can maximize the absorption of radiant heat.
3) ventilation and cooling: ① natural ventilation: any house can be through the windows and doors, gaps in natural ventilation, high-temperature workshops rely only on this way is not enough, the heat is large, heat source dispersal of high-temperature workshop, the need to change the air 30 to 50 times an hour or more, in order to make the residual heat in a timely manner excluded, at this time it is necessary to air intake
mouth and exhaust port configuration is reasonable, to take full advantage of the combined effect of heat and wind pressure, so that the natural ventilation of the heat and wind pressure. The combined effect of natural ventilation to maximize efficiency. ② mechanical ventilation: in the natural ventilation can not meet the cooling needs or production requirements to maintain a certain temperature and humidity in the workshop, mechanical ventilation can be used.
2. health measures
1) supply of beverages and supplemental nutrition: high-temperature operations should be supplemented with sweat equivalent to water and salt. The best way to replenish water and salt is to supply salt-containing beverages, generally 3 to 5L of water supply per day, about 20g of salt
2) personal protection: high-temperature work workers work clothes should be heat-resistant, conductivity coefficient of small and breathable fabrics made of good performance. Prevent heat radiation, available white canvas or aluminum foil made of overalls.
3) Strengthen the medical prevention work: workers in high-temperature jobs should be pre-employment and into the summer before the physical examination, timely detection of occupational contraindications.
3. Organizational measures: strengthen leadership, improve management, and strictly comply with the relevant health standards for high temperature operations to improve the unit's work to prevent heat stroke.
Measures to prevent noise hazards
1. Control of noise sources: according to the specific situation to take technical measures to control or eliminate the source of noise, is a fundamental solution to the noise hazards of a method.
2. Control the propagation of noise: in the propagation of noise, the application of sound absorption and anechoic technology, you can get better results.
Sound absorption is an important measure to reduce the intensity of noise, with sound-absorbing materials decorated on the inner surface of the workshop, such as in the walls or roof or hanging sound-absorbing body in the workplace, to absorb the sound energy radiated or reflected, which can make the intensity of the noise reduced.
Muffling is the main measure to reduce dynamic noise, used for air ducts and exhaust pipes, commonly used resistance muffler and resistance muffler, the two joint use of muffling effect is better. In some cases, you can also use certain materials and devices, the sound source or need to be quiet place closed in a smaller space, so that it is isolated from the surrounding environment, that is, sound insulation, such as soundproof room, soundproof enclosure. In order to
prevent the spread of noise through the solid, in building construction will be the foundation of the machine or vibration body and the floor, wall joints set vibration isolation or vibration damping device, can also play a role in reducing the effect of noise.
3. Personal protection: wearing personal protective equipment is an effective measure to protect the hearing organs. Such as earplugs, earmuffs, helmets and so on.
4. Health monitoring: in accordance with national requirements for workers to carry out regular health checks, especially the auditory organs of the examination in a timely manner to detect contraindications.
5. Reasonable arrangement of labor and work and rest: noise operations should be avoided overtime or continuous work time is too long, as far as possible to shorten the exposure time.
Practitioners eight rights and three obligations
Eight rights:
① Right to know: the right to know the workplace and the work of the existence of hazardous factors, preventive measures and emergency response to accidents;
② The right to make suggestions, that is, the right to put forward suggestions on the unit of work safety;
③ Criticism, denunciation, the right to complain, that is, the right to criticize the unit of work safety. Practitioners have the right to criticize, report, charge the unit of work safety problems;
④ the right to refuse, that is, the right to refuse to unauthorized command and forced risky operations;
⑤ the right to emergency, that is, practitioners who find an emergency directly endangering the safety of the person, have the right to stop the operation or to evacuate the workplace after taking the possible emergency measures;
6) the right to request compensation, that is, due to production safety accidents suffered damage to the workers, in addition to enjoying social insurance for work injuries in accordance with the law, in accordance with the relevant civil law still have the right to obtain compensation, the right to request compensation to the unit;
7) the right to obtain labor protective equipment in line with national or industry standards;
8) the right to obtain education and training in safety production
Three obligations:
① self-discipline and compliance obligations, that is, employees in the course of operations, should strictly abide by the unit's safety regulations and operating procedures, and obey the management, correctly wear and use of labor protective equipment;
② consciously learn the obligation of safety knowledge, that is, to master the safety knowledge required for the work, improve safety skills, and enhance the ability to prevent and deal with accidents and emergencies. prevention and emergency response capabilities.
③ the obligation to inform the danger, that is, employees found hidden accidents or other unsafe factors, should be immediately reported to the site safety management personnel or the person in charge of the unit
How should workers improve self-protection awareness?
1) Workers should first consciously accept the employer's publicity, education and training on the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases, and master the harmful factors of the workshop's workplace. Types, consequences, prevention and emergency treatment measures. Strictly implement the operating procedures, prohibit illegal operation, in order to prevent the occurrence of accidents.
2) Laborers must undergo an occupational health examination before employment to find out whether they have contraindications to the occupation they are engaged in. Laborers with obvious respiratory and cardiovascular system diseases should not be engaged in operations that expose them to irritating gases and dusts; laborers with obvious neurological and psychiatric system diseases should not be engaged in operations that expose them to poisons that mainly damage the nervous system, such as metals, metalloids, organic solvents, and organophosphorus pesticides. Workers must be employed after regular occupational health checks, in order to early detection of occupational disease damage, and timely prevention and treatment measures.
3) Workers must learn to use personal protective equipment. Personal protective measures are an important preventive measure in the prevention of occupational diseases, which can defend against the harmful factors of occupational diseases on the human body. Commonly used personal protective equipment are dust (poison) masks, protective masks, protective clothing and so on.
Part III: Occupational Health Information● What occupational health rights do workers enjoy under the law?
(a) access to occupational health education and training;
(b) access to occupational health checkups, diagnosis and treatment of occupational diseases, rehabilitation and other occupational disease prevention and treatment services;
(c) understanding of the hazards of occupational diseases at the workplace, the consequences of the hazards, and the measures that should be taken to protect against occupational diseases;
(d) requesting the employer to provide occupational disease prevention and control services in line with the requirements for the prevention and control of occupational diseases;
(e) requesting the employer to provide occupational disease prevention and control services in line with the requirements for the prevention and control of occupational diseases. (d) To request the employer to provide occupational disease protection facilities and occupational disease protection articles for personal use that meet the requirements for preventing and controlling occupational diseases, and to improve the working conditions;
(e) To criticize, report and file complaints against the violation of occupational disease prevention and control laws and regulations as well as the acts that endanger the lives and health of people;
(f) To refuse to carry out the operations without occupational disease protection measures in contravention of the rules and regulations;
(g) To participate in the democratic work of the employer's occupational hygiene work;
(h) To participate in the work of the employer's occupational hygiene work. democratic management of the occupational health work of the employer, and put forward opinions and suggestions on the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases.
● What are the responsibilities of the employer?
The employer should create a working environment and conditions for workers that meet the national occupational health standards and hygiene requirements, and take measures to ensure that workers have access to occupational health protection, and take responsibility for the hazards of occupational diseases generated by the employer. No unit or individual may transfer operations that produce occupational disease hazards to units or individuals that do not have the conditions for occupational disease protection. Employers shall not arrange for minors to engage in operations that expose them to occupational disease hazards; they shall not arrange for pregnant or nursing female workers to engage in operations that are hazardous to themselves, their fetuses, or their infants.
● What is the hazard of occupational disease What are the hazards of occupational disease
The hazard of occupational disease refers to the various hazards that may lead to occupational disease for workers engaged in occupational activities. Occupational disease hazards include all kinds of toxic and harmful chemical, physical and biological factors that exist in occupational activities, as well as other occupationally harmful factors that occur during the course of operations. Chemical factors include metals and metal-like substances such as lead, mercury, manganese, chromium, arsenic, etc.; irritating and asphyxiating gases such as phosgene, chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, etc.; organic solvents and polymer compounds; various pesticides; productive dust; physical factors include noise, vibration, high temperature, microwave, high frequency, and ionizing radiation, etc.; and biological factors include anthrax bacillus, brucellosis bacillus, and forest encephalitis virus. .
● What is an occupational disease What is an occupational polypharmacy
Occupational disease refers to diseases caused by exposure to dust, radioactive substances and other toxic and harmful substances during the occupational activities of workers in enterprises, institutions and individual economic organizations (employers).
Occupational disease refers to the occurrence of the disease and occupation-related, but the occupational hazard factors are not the direct cause of the disease, but only one of the many factors leading to the occurrence of the disease, or only make their own disease aggravation, such as miners susceptible to peptic ulcers and so on.
● What are statutory occupational diseases and their scope?
Statutory occupational diseases are those specified by the national government authorities. Due to differences in social systems, economic conditions, and the popularization of diagnostic technology, the scope and types of occupational diseases are different in each country. According to China's current economic conditions, diagnostic technology, the Ministry of Health in 2002 announced a new catalog of statutory occupational diseases, *** counting 115 types of ten categories. Including 13 types of pneumoconiosis, 11 types of occupational radiation diseases, 56 types of occupational poisoning, 5 types of occupational diseases caused by physical factors, 3 types of occupational diseases caused by biological factors, 8 types of occupational skin diseases, 3 types of occupational eye diseases, 3 types of occupational ear, nose, throat and oral diseases, 8 types of occupational tumors, and 5 types of other occupational diseases.
● What are the main characteristics of occupational diseases?
The main characteristics of occupational diseases are (a) the cause of the disease is clear: the cause of the disease is occupational hazards; (b) most of the exposure to the cause of the disease is chemical or physical factors, usually the amount of exposure can be detected, and exposure to more than a certain limit in order to make people sick; (c) in the same occupational hazards of the exposure of the population, there are often a certain number of people onset of disease, and seldom individual patients; (d) early detection, rational treatment, and more than a certain number of patients; (e) early detection, rational treatment, and more than a certain number of patients. (D) early detection, reasonable treatment, easier to recover, the later the discovery, the worse the efficacy, and a lot of occupational diseases are currently no effective treatment.
● How to deal with patients with suspected occupational diseases
When a medical institution finds a patient with suspected occupational disease, it should inform the worker and the employer; the employer should arrange for the diagnosis of the patient with suspected occupational disease in a timely manner; during the period of diagnosis or medical observation of the patient with suspected occupational disease, the employer shall not terminate or terminate the labor contract signed by the patient; the cost of the diagnosis or medical observation period shall be borne by the patient with suspected occupational disease; and the cost of the diagnosis or medical observation period shall be borne by the worker and the employer. During the period of diagnosis or medical observation of patients with suspected occupational diseases, the employer shall not terminate or suspend the labor contract signed by them.
● Occupational disease patients are entitled to what treatment in accordance with the law
Employers shall arrange for treatment, rehabilitation and regular examination of occupational disease patients in accordance with relevant state regulations; employers shall transfer occupational disease patients who are not suitable to continue to perform their original jobs away from their original positions and properly resettle them; the treatment and rehabilitation costs of occupational disease patients as well as social security of their disabilities and loss of working capacity shall be implemented in accordance with relevant state regulations on social insurance for work injuries. Social insurance for work-related injuries shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the state social insurance for work-related injuries; the medical care and livelihood protection of patients with occupational diseases whose employers do not participate in social insurance for work-related injuries shall be borne by the last employer, and if the last employer has evidence that the occupational disease was caused by the occupational disease hazards of the previous employer, it shall be borne by the previous employer.
● Hazards and Prevention of Productive Dust
Productive dust refers to solid particles generated in people's production activities that can float in the air for a long time. Long-term inhalation of dust can cause diffuse and progressive fibrous tissue hyperplasia of lung tissue, eventually leading to pneumoconiosis. Asbestos dust can cause bronchopulmonary cancer and mesothelioma, radioactive mineral dust can cause lung cancer, silica dust, nickel dust, etc. are also associated with a high incidence of lung cancer. Many organic dusts can cause bronchial asthma.
The clinical manifestations of pneumoconiosis patients are coughing, coughing up sputum, chest pain, dyspnea and other respiratory symptoms, in addition to wheezing, hemoptysis, and some systemic symptoms. Once diagnosed with pneumoconiosis, patients should be transferred away from the dust operation in a timely manner, and according to the needs of the disease, comprehensive treatment and active prevention and treatment of tuberculosis and other complications, with a view to alleviating the symptoms, slowing down the progression of the disease, prolonging the patient's life, and improving the patient's quality of life.
The prevention and control of pneumoconiosis requires comprehensive prevention and treatment measures. China's dust control work for decades summarized the "leather, water, dense, wind, protection, management, education, investigation" eight-pronged approach, is effective, comprehensive management of valuable experience. The specific meaning of the eight-pronged approach that is - leather: technological innovation; water: wet work; dense: closed dust source; wind: ventilation dust; protection: individual protection; management: strengthen management; teaching: publicity and education; check: regular inspection.