v1.0 --- compute-centric, kvm, hyper-v, xen, vmware exi, increased resource utilization
v2.0 --- resource-centric, openstack, vmware, aws, infrastructure clouding, standardization of resource services, automation
v3.0 --- application-centric, Docker, CoreOS, Cloud Foundry, application cloudization, agile application development and lifecycle management
2. Types of Cloud Computing:
---IaaS - Infrastructure
---PaaS - Platform
--- SaaS - Software
3. Cloud Computing Key Technologies:
---Virtualization
---Distributed Storage
---Data Center Networking
---Architecture: User Interface, Service Catalog, Management System, Deployment Tools, Monitoring, Server Clustering
4. Cloud Computing Deployments:
--- Storage cloud
--- Healthcare cloud
--- Education cloud
--- Communication cloud
--- Financial cloud
5.Virtualization
Cloud computing: a service
Virtualization: a computer resource management technology that abstracts and converts various IT physical resources into another form of technology are virtualization
1) Types of virtualization
--- Hosted virtualization, virtualbox, vmvare workstation
--- Bare metal virtualization, VMware ESX, Xen, FusionSphere, virtualization layer kernel needs to be developed
--- Hybrid virtualization, KVM, Xen, FusionSphere. ---Hybrid virtualization, KVM
2) Virtualization layer architecture:
---Full virtualization, kvm
---Semi-virtualization, Xen
---Hardware-assisted virtualization
Container: decoupling APP from OS
6. Compute virtualization
---CPU Virtualization
------cpu QoS: shares, reservations, limits
------NUMA
--- Memory virtualization
------ Full virtualization, shadow page table technology: each VM maintains a page table to record the mapping of virtual memory to physical memory, which is submitted by the VMM to the MMU for conversion. VMs don't need to change. But this way is fixed good area allocated to VMs
------- Semi-virtualization, page table writing method: each VM creates a page table and registers it with the virtualization layer, VMs constantly manage and maintain this page table during operation
------- Hardware-assisted virtualization, Intel's EPT, AMD's NPT
---... ---- Memory multiplexing: memory bubbles, memory ****sharing, memory swapping
--- IO virtualization
------ Full virtualization, not very high performance
------ Interface provided by Hypervisor, requires kernel modification
------ Hardware-assisted virtualization, IO passthrough technology, SR- IOV Single Root IO Virtualization
------ IO Ring, used to improve IO performance for IO-intensive services with large blocks of multi-queue types
---- Policies
------ VM HA
------ DRS, Dynamic Resource Scheduling
------ DPM, Distributed Power Management, low load is migrated to one host, energy efficient
------IMC, Integrated Storage Controller, switching between different types of CPU type hosts
7. Storage Virtualization
Bringing together multiple storage media through certain technologies to form a storage pool and unified management. This will be a variety of, multiple storage devices unified management, to provide users with high-capacity, high data transfer performance of the storage system, called virtual storage.
Role:
----- Improve the efficiency of hardware resource use, heterogeneous management
----- Simplify system management
----- Enhance the reliability of the cloud storage platform
Storage resources:
---DAS
---NAS
---SAN
Storage Devices:
---Local Disk
---LUN
---Storage Storage Pools
---NAS*** Enjoy Directory
Datastore
--- denotes the logical unit of storage that is managed by the Section in the virtualization platform, hosting VM operations, creating disks
Storage modes:
---- Non-virtualized storage
---- Virtualized storage
---- Bare device mapping
Virtualization implementation methods:
---- Host-based storage virtualization, single host access to multiple storage, das, san
---- Storage device-based virtualization
----Multi-host access to same array, SAN
----Network-based storage virtualization, many-to-many, heterogeneous consolidation
Storage virtualization features:
----Streamlined disk and space reclamation
----Snapshots
------ROW Redirection on Write, Raw Disks + Differential Volumes **** same mount, Read on Read original metadisk, write differential volume on write (personally, I think there's a problem here)
------COW copy on write, write metadisk on write (metadisk is already updated), read both original disk and differential volume at the same time at the same time on read
------WA Random Writes
------ Snapshot Chaining
------ Link Cloning
VM disk file migration
8. Network virtualization
Purpose:
--- Conserve NIC resources on physical hosts and can provide Layer L2-L7 network services required by the application's virtual network
--- The network virtualization software provides logically switches and routers (L2-L3), logical load balancers
--- Network virtualization software provides logical switches and routers (L2-L3), logical load balancers, logical firewalls (L4-L7), and so on, and can be assembled in any form to provide a complete virtual network topology for VMs at the L2-L7 layers.
Features:
---Decoupling from the physical layer
---Network service abstraction
---Network on-demand automation
---Multi-tenant network security segregation
NIC virtualization :
---Software NIC virtualization
---Hardware NIC virtualization, SR -IOV
Virtualized software switches
--- OVS, Open vSwitch
--- Communication between VMs
--- Communication between VMs and the outside network
Network virtualization :
--- Link virtualization: virtual link aggregation, Layer 2 virtualization
------- VPC, Virtual Port Channel, Virtual Link Aggregation
------- Tunneling Protocol, GRE, Generic Routing Encapsulation; IPsec, internet protocol security
---Virtual Networks, Networks consisting of virtual links
------ Cascading Networks (Virtual Layer 2 Extended Network)
-----------Overlay Network, building another kind of network on top of an existing one
----------- Virtual Extended LAN that allows routing information to destination hosts not identified by IP addresses, virtual networking technology for large Layer 2
----------- vxlan,
------VPN