1966 From March 8 to 29, earthquakes of magnitude 6 and 7 occurred several times in succession. The first earthquake occurred in the east of Longyao County in Xingtai area, with a magnitude of 6.8. Since then, five earthquakes of magnitude 6 have occurred, with magnitude 7.2 occurring in the southeast of Ningjin County on the 22nd as the largest. Due to the loose soil, high groundwater level and ancient rivers in the disaster area, the earthquake caused serious damage and extensive losses. The 6.8 earthquake affected 142 counties and cities, and the 7.2 earthquake damaged 136 counties and cities. It feels like Duolun in Inner Mongolia in the north, Yantai in the east, Nanjing in the south and Tongchuan in the west. The earthquake * * * killed 8 182 people, injured 5 1395 people, damaged more than 4 million houses and damaged 86 bridges. There were * * accidents and fires in the disaster area 1 15, and 16 people were killed, 26 people were killed and simple houses 153 rooms were burned. There are more than 300 landslides in the western mountainous areas of Xingtai, Jingxing and Wu 'an, and 22 fires caused by landslides and flying stones burned 80 hectares of mountains. Ground fissures, sand erosion and water erosion are common, extending intermittently from tens of meters to several kilometers. The maximum width of the ground fissure is 2m. It is common for wells to rise or overflow. Several bridges on the Fuyang River were seriously damaged. The deck of Aixinzhuang Bridge moved southward, with a distance of 0/.8 meters from pier/kloc-0, which caused traffic disruption. The earthquake affected a wide area. A generator trip occurred in Hezhuo County, Tianjin, causing a short power outage. The western part of Shijiazhuang and Xiyang, Shanxi Province were also damaged to a higher degree. The State Council attached great importance to Xingtai earthquake, and sent local troops to the disaster area for rescue. All parts of the country vigorously supported the disaster areas and sent medical teams to support a large number of food and relief materials. On March 9, Premier Zhou Enlai braved the danger of the earthquake and listened to the disaster report and relief situation in Longyao County, the earthquake-stricken area, and expressed condolences to the people in the disaster area. After the earthquake, 94 medical teams were stationed in the disaster area, with 7 1 15 medical personnel.
Yunnan Daguan earthquake
1974 May165438+1October, an earthquake of magnitude 7. 1 occurred in Daguan. The earthquake was felt strongly in most parts of Sichuan Basin. The sensing area is about 400,000 square kilometers. The earthquake caused 1423 deaths and 1600 injuries. More than 66,000 houses were damaged, of which more than 28,000 collapsed, and the damaged area of houses was about 2,300 square kilometers. In the earthquake zone, the wooden frame of the wooden house was not damaged, but most of the earth walls and stone walls collapsed, and most of the earth beam houses and Mao Liang Shi houses collapsed or were leveled. The earthquake also caused landslides and ground fissures on the hillside, destroying roads, farmland, canals and buried farmhouses. The largest landslide front rushed to the other side of the river, forming a dam about 30 meters high, blocking water and forming a lake.
Liaoning Haicheng earthquake
1On February 4th, 975, an earthquake of magnitude 7.3 occurred in Haicheng. The earthquake zone covers an area of 760 square kilometers. The earthquake occurred in densely populated and industrially developed areas, and it was the largest earthquake in the history of this area. Due to the earthquake prediction of China Earthquake Department, the local government took effective earthquake prevention measures in time, which greatly reduced the earthquake disaster. Except for buildings and other engineering structures, most people evacuated their houses during the earthquake, and casualties were greatly reduced. The total number of casualties was 29,579, accounting for 0.32% of the total population, including 204 1 person, accounting for 0.02% of the total population. Most of the casualties are old, weak, sick and disabled children and people who don't listen to instructions. The earthquake caused about 5 million square meters of urban houses to collapse, 6,543,800 square meters of public facilities to be damaged, 6,543,800 square meters of rural houses to be damaged, 2,937 urban and rural transportation and water conservancy facilities to be damaged, and all kinds of equipment and materials suffered serious losses, totaling about 8,654,380+million yuan. The diameter of the ground sand blasting hole is 2.5 meters. There is an earthquake fault with a length of about 5.5 kilometers and a crack width of 40 meters. The damaged area of Yingkou accounts for 53. 1% of the total area of the city. After the earthquake, disaster relief work was carried out in time. The People's Liberation Army dispatched more than 35,000 people,165,438+073 vehicles and 12 aircraft to participate in the disaster relief. The number of medical teams sent to the disaster area reached 10 1, with 3480 personnel. Water supply repair two days after the earthquake; In February and July, all the disaster areas resumed power supply. The victims spent the Spring Festival in a "three-proof" simple room. A month later, transportation and industrial and agricultural production basically resumed. The success of Haicheng earthquake prediction has achieved great social and economic benefits. It is speculated that if there is no forecast, the casualties will reach about 65.438+0.5 million, and the economic loss will exceed 5 billion yuan.
Yunnan Longling earthquake
1On May 29th, 976, two strong earthquakes occurred in Longling County, western Yunnan. The first time occurred at 20: 23: 18 seconds with a magnitude of 7.3, and the second time occurred at 22: 00: 23 seconds with a magnitude of 7.4. This earthquake belongs to the earthquake swarm type. Aftershocks have high activity and intensity. Every earthquake has two polar regions. From May 29th to the end of the year, a total of 2,477 earthquakes of magnitude 3 or above were recorded, including 4.7 and 5.9 earthquakes 19, and 6.2, 7.3 and 7.4 earthquakes 1 time. The earthquake caused different degrees of losses to 9 counties in Baoshan, Lincang and Dehong Autonomous Prefecture. 98 people died, 45 1 person was seriously injured, 199 1 person was slightly injured, and 420,000 houses collapsed and were damaged. The affected area is about 1883 square kilometers. The landslide caused by the earthquake also caused serious losses. The landslide destroyed rural houses 180 rooms, paddy fields, pastures and forest tea gardens of nearly 3,900 hectares, washed away 26 channels 11seat, washed away hydropower stations1seat with an installed capacity of 240 kilowatts, and 3 hydropower stations with an installed capacity of less than 20 kilowatts. 185 km road was destroyed, and the landslide amount reached 780,000 cubic meters. Longling earthquake experienced the process of short-term imminent earthquake prediction, and corresponding earthquake prevention measures were taken before the earthquake. Shallow collapse and landslide is a typical phenomenon of this earthquake.
Hebei Tangshan earthquake
1On July 28th, 976, an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 occurred in Tangshan. The epicenter of the earthquake is located in Tangshan city. This is a rare urban earthquake disaster in the history of China. In an instant, the urbanization of millions of people was in ruins, and people's lives and property and state property suffered heavy losses. Beijing and Tianjin were severely affected. The damaged area of the earthquake is more than 30,000 square kilometers, and the felt area is as much as 14 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, which is equivalent to13 of the national area. The earthquake happened in the middle of the night, and 80% people in the urban area had no time to react and were buried under the rubble. The earthquake zone includes 47 square kilometers on the north and south sides of Jingshan Railway. Almost all the buildings in this area have disappeared. An 8-kilometer-long and 30-meter-wide ground fissure zone crosses fences, houses, roads and canals. In the earthquake zone and its surrounding areas, there are a large number of broken zones, water blasting, blowout, gravity collapse, rolling stones, slope collapse, ground landslide, foundation settlement, cave collapse, goaf collapse and so on. The earthquake * * * caused 242,000 deaths,164,000 people were seriously injured, and in Tangshan alone, more than 1700 people were permanently disabled. 65.438+04.79 million square meters of public houses were destroyed and 5.3 million houses collapsed; The direct economic loss reached 5.4 billion yuan. Lifeline projects such as water supply, power supply, communication and transportation in the city were all destroyed, all industrial and mining enterprises stopped working, and all hospitals and medical facilities were destroyed. Seven passenger cars and oil tankers derailed in the earthquake. Two large highway bridges on the Jiyun Canal and Luanhe River collapsed, cutting off the road traffic between Tangshan and Tianjin and the outside of the customs. The buildings, structures and water wells of urban water supply network and waterworks were seriously damaged. The ground buildings and structures in Kailuan Coal Mine collapsed or were seriously damaged, and the underground production was interrupted, and nearly 10,000 workers were trapped underground. Tangshan iron and steel company was severely damaged and forced to stop production, and molten steel and molten iron solidified in the furnace. The dams of three large reservoirs and two medium-sized reservoirs collapsed and cracked, and the wave walls collapsed. 240 small reservoirs in 4 10 were damaged. There are 60,000 motor wells with siltation and tube dislocation, accounting for 67% of the total. There are more than 33,000 hectares of sand-pressing cultivated land and 47,000 hectares of salt water flooded land. Destroy more than 55,000 sets (pieces) of agricultural machinery. It slaughtered 36,000 livestock and more than 442,000 pigs. The environmental sanitation in Tangshan city and its nearby disaster-stricken counties has deteriorated sharply, and the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases is particularly prominent. After the earthquake, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council quickly set up an earthquake relief headquarters. Rescue teams and materials from the People's Liberation Army and other parts of the country flocked to Tangshan and launched unprecedented intense disaster relief work, which timely controlled the disaster and reduced casualties. Of the 600,000 people buried in the urban area, 300,000 saved themselves. The PLA troops dispatched nearly 6.5438+0.5 million people. Tangshan Airport takes off and lands 390 flights every day. More than 3,000 people in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Power Grid form an electric emergency repair team. More than 20,000 medical personnel from 13 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, the People's Liberation Army and the railway system have formed nearly 300 medical teams and epidemic prevention teams. The seriously injured were airlifted to other provinces and cities for treatment, with 474 flights by plane and 90 flights by helicopter; * * * 159 health special train opened. Governments at all levels have solved the problems of drinking water, eating and dressing for the masses in time. The work of rebuilding our homeland began at the end of 1976 and at 1978. 10 years later, a thriving new Tangshan appeared in China.
Sichuan Songpan-Pingwu earthquake
On August 1976 and 16, an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred between Songpan and Pingwu. The earthquake was a swarm type, with a magnitude of 6.7 on the 22nd and a magnitude of 7.2 on the 23rd after the main earthquake. The earthquake felt a wide range, starting from Gao Tai, Gansu Province in the west, reaching Kunming in the west, Hohhot in the north and Changsha in the east, with a maximum radius of 1 150 km. After the earthquake, heavy rain caused landslides, falling rocks and mudslides. , causing serious damage to farmland, roads, river beds, etc. , communication is interrupted. /kloc-More than 0/100,000 hectares of cultivated land were destroyed, resulting in food losses of 5 million kilograms and the death of more than 2,000 livestock. The earthquake happened in a sparsely populated mountainous area. In addition, there were predictions before the earthquake and evacuation measures were taken. So there were only more than 800 casualties, including more than 600 minor injuries. Most of them are caused by secondary disasters such as mudslides, landslides and rolling stones after the earthquake. Governments at all levels in Sichuan Province set up earthquake prevention and disaster relief headquarters before the earthquake, requiring all departments to make preparations in all aspects. After the earthquake, affected by the Tangshan earthquake, people in Chengdu and its nearby areas had a serious fear of the earthquake, resulting in panic, escape, relocation, jumping off buildings and other phenomena, which had an impact on social life. At the same time, rumors of the earthquake spread everywhere, and people's hearts floated, which aggravated social unrest and led to the closure of schools, shops, factories and mines.
Shangyi earthquake in Hebei province
1998 65438+ 10/150, an earthquake of magnitude 6.2 occurred east of Shangyi, causing serious casualties and economic losses, which was the most serious earthquake disaster in Chinese mainland that year. The earthquake-stricken areas involve Zhangbei, Shangyi, Wanquan and Kangding counties 19 townships with a population of nearly170,000. The earthquake killed 49 people and injured 1 1439 people, of which 362 were seriously injured, accounting for 83.9% of the national total. Due to the unreasonable structure and site selection of local residents' houses, the building quality and seismic performance are not strong, and some houses have been dilapidated. Therefore, the house was seriously damaged, with the damaged area reaching more than 6.5 million square meters, of which 6.5438+0.754 million square meters were completely destroyed. The direct economic loss of the earthquake was as high as 794 million yuan, accounting for 44.6% of the total in that year. The direct economic loss of Gaotian Town, Datong, Shanxi, which is adjacent to the county, also reached 5.879 million yuan. After the earthquake, the government and all parties invested 836 million yuan in disaster relief.
Wenchuan Earthquake
On May 12 14: 28: 04, 2008, a strong earthquake of magnitude 8 suddenly struck, shaking the ground, shifting mountains and rivers, leaving people devastated ... Southwest China, losing its state. This is the most destructive and widespread earthquake since the founding of New China. The earthquake affected about 500,000 square kilometers in China!
As of May 25th, 2009, there were 69,227 dead, 374,643 injured and 17923 missing. Among them, 687 12 compatriots in Sichuan province were killed, 1792 1 compatriots were missing, and 5335 students were killed or missing. The direct economic loss reached 84.51100 million yuan.
This is the most influential earthquake in People's Republic of China (PRC) since the founding of the People's Republic of China. The magnitude is the third largest earthquake after1August, 950 15, the Medog earthquake in Tibet (M = 8.5) and the Kunlun Mountain earthquake in 5438+0, 2006 (M = 8. 1), which directly affected an area of 65438+ 10,000 square kilometers.
Supplement:
Guangdong earthquake
1 923 At noon on September/0/day, a strong earthquake occurred in the vast metropolitan area centered on Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan (the epicenter was 35.0 degrees north latitude and 139.5 degrees east longitude), resulting in the destruction of 600,000 buildings,143,000 deaths, 200,000 injuries and 50,000 injuries. In addition, fire and earthquake happened almost simultaneously. Thousands of people were burned in downtown Tokyo. In Yokohama Park, 240,000 people were all barbecued, and hundreds of wooden boats along the coast were destroyed by fire. The earthquake caused huge cracks in many places and high-rise buildings fell down one after another. The earthquake also triggered landslides and mudslides, causing a large number of casualties.
Zhili earthquake
1960 On May 22nd, an earthquake of magnitude 8.9, which is rare in the world earthquake history, occurred on the west coast of Chile. After the earthquake, 5,700 people were killed in Chile alone, ranging from Santiago, the capital of Chile, to towns, docks, public and civil buildings along the coast of puerto montt. 48 hours after the earthquake, Puhui Mountain broke out. The waves formed by the earthquake swept across the Pacific Ocean at a speed of 700 kilometers per hour. 15 hours later, waves as high as 10 meters roared and attacked the Hawaiian islands. The waves continued to move westward. Eight hours later, the 4-meter-high waves rushed to the Japanese seaport and wharf. In Iwate Prefecture, the waves pushed large fishing boats onto the dock and landed on the roof. The tsunami killed 800 people in Japan and left 654.38+500,000 homeless.
Haicheng earthquake
1On February 4th, 975, an earthquake of magnitude 7.3 occurred in Haicheng. The earthquake zone covers an area of 760 square kilometers. The earthquake occurred in densely populated and industrially developed areas, and it was the largest earthquake in the history of this area. Due to the earthquake prediction of China Earthquake Department, the local government took effective earthquake prevention measures in time, which greatly reduced the earthquake disaster. Except for buildings and other engineering structures, most people evacuated their houses during the earthquake, and casualties were greatly reduced. The total number of casualties was 29,579, accounting for 0.32% of the total population, including 204 1 person, accounting for 0.02% of the total population. Most of the casualties are old, weak, sick and disabled children and people who don't listen to instructions. The earthquake caused about 5 million square meters of urban houses to collapse, 6,543,800 square meters of public facilities to be damaged, 6,543,800 square meters of rural houses to be damaged, 2,937 urban and rural transportation and water conservancy facilities to be damaged, and all kinds of equipment and materials suffered serious losses, totaling about 8,654,380+million yuan. The diameter of the ground sand blasting hole is 2.5 meters. There is an earthquake fault with a length of about 5.5 kilometers and a crack width of 40 meters. The damaged area of Yingkou accounts for 53. 1% of the total area of the city. After the earthquake, disaster relief work was carried out in time. The People's Liberation Army dispatched more than 35,000 people,165,438+073 vehicles and 12 aircraft to participate in the disaster relief. The number of medical teams sent to the disaster area reached 10 1, with 3480 personnel. Water supply repair two days after the earthquake; In February and July, all the disaster areas resumed power supply. The victims spent the Spring Festival in a "three-proof" simple room. A month later, transportation and industrial and agricultural production basically resumed. The success of Haicheng earthquake prediction has achieved great social and economic benefits. It is speculated that if there is no forecast, the casualties will reach about 65.438+0.5 million, and the economic loss will exceed 5 billion yuan.
Tangshan earthquake
1On July 28th, 976, a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.8 occurred in Tangshan and Fengnan, Hebei Province, which was a rare urban earthquake disaster in Chinese history. Beijing and Tianjin were severely affected. The damaged area of the earthquake exceeds 30,000 square kilometers, and the felt area reaches 14 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, which is equivalent to one third of the national area. The epicenter of this earthquake is located in Tangshan city. That is, the latitude is 39.6 degrees north, the longitude is 1 18.2 degrees east, the epicenter intensity is XI degrees, and the focal depth is 1 1 km. Almost all the buildings in the earthquake zone have disappeared. In the earthquake zone and its surrounding areas, there are a large number of broken zones, such as sand blasting, blowout, gravity collapse, rolling stones, slope collapse, foundation collapse, cave collapse, goaf collapse and so on. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242,000 people and seriously injured164,000 people. In Tangshan alone, there are 1700 people with lifelong disabilities and 5.3 million houses collapsed. The total direct economic loss in Tangshan area reached 5.4 billion yuan, and the public facilities were seriously damaged, which is rare in the world.
Mexico earthquake
On September 1985, 19, a strong earthquake of magnitude 8. 1 occurred in the sea about 400 kilometers away from Mexico City, Mexico (the epicenter was at 18.5 degrees north latitude and 102.3 degrees west longitude), and on September 2/kloc-0. These two earthquakes have caused serious earthquake damage and economic losses to Mexico City, which is far from the epicenter. Mexico City is built on the basis of filling lakes and filling seas. The city has been expanding and the population is becoming more and more concentrated. This weakness of the city was exposed when the earthquake happened. The earthquake * * * caused 10000 deaths, more than 40,000 injuries, more than 2,000 buildings collapsed and many buildings were seriously damaged, resulting in accumulated economic losses of more than 7 billion US dollars.
Hanshin earthquake
199565438+1October 17 At 5: 46 a.m. Japan time, it was 34.6 degrees north latitude and 0/35.0 degrees east longitude. A terrible earthquake came, and tens of thousands of houses were carved into ruins, roads cracked, foundations were deformed, and railways were bent. The fire caused by the earthquake turned the sky over Kobe red. The earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.2, killed 5,466 people, injured more than 30,000 people, left hundreds of thousands homeless, and killed more than 6,543,800 people. /kloc-More than 0/100,000 houses were destroyed. Lifeline projects and a large number of public facilities were seriously damaged, resulting in economic losses of $654.38 billion.
Turkey earthquake
1August 999 17 at 3: 00 a.m.1minute, a strong earthquake measuring 7.4 on the Richter scale occurred in western Turkey (40.6 degrees north latitude and 30.0 degrees east longitude),13,000 people died, a large number of people became homeless, and power supply and communication were interrupted. The epicenter of this earthquake is located in the east of Istanbul, the largest city. It also caused large-scale power outages in some areas, including the capitals Ankara and Istanbul, and caused traffic chaos in many places. After the earthquake, there were 33 aftershocks of magnitude 4 or above, with a maximum magnitude of 5.3.
Jiashi earthquake
On February 24th, 2003, around 10: 03, an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 occurred in bachu county, Kashgar, Xinjiang. The epicenter was located at 39 degrees 30 minutes north latitude and 77 degrees 12 minutes east longitude, with a magnitude of 6.8. Kuchak is a poor township in the epicenter, located on the edge of the desert in bachu county and Jiashi County. More than 65,438+0,000 houses and school buildings collapsed or were damaged, and at least 42 people died. Jiashi-Bachu earthquake is not only the one with the largest number of casualties in this earthquake-prone area since the founding of New China, but also the19th strong earthquake with magnitude above 5 in seven years. Why have earthquake disasters occurred frequently in this area in recent years? It turns out that Jiashi-Bachu is located in the northeast of Pamir arc structure, and the north and south sides are squeezed by Indian Ocean plate and Eurasian plate at the same time. It is a region with strong stress, and it is easy to accumulate energy to produce large earthquakes. From a small environment, it is also located at the intersection of Tarim Basin and Keping Block, so it is also the main active area of strong earthquakes in Chinese mainland. From1June, 1997 to1August, 1998, nine strong earthquakes with magnitude of 6 occurred successively here, resulting in economic losses as high as1400 million yuan. Because of the successive strong earthquakes in recent years, this area is also called "Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area" by seismologists. The earthquake disaster occurred in Jiashi-Bachu, and the epicenter was located at the southeast end of Jiashi strong earthquake group area. At present, the research on the cause of Jiashi strong earthquake swarm by seismologists in China has been selected as a major scientific research project of the National Natural Fund.