paste, paste, sealing clay, cards, rackets, plaster casts, ties, sashes, weaving wicks, straps, crosshairs, cotton gauze, weaving mats, straw weaving, straw hats, rattan, rope making, icing sugar, manufacture of cold cuts, fruit drops, soya bean curd, cream of ice, powder puffs, paints, rubbing oil, shoe polish powder, batteries, alkali making, Camphor manufacturing, celluloid, artificial ivory, hard material ornaments, white magnetic glass, crucibles, leather, lacquer, gum, mint ingot manufacturing, brushes, manufacturing brown rubbing, toothpicks, making mirrors, cloisonné, plate gold, mahogany appliances, sofas, manufacturing sanding, manufacturing smoking knives, the manufacture of fidelity flowers, silk weaving paintings, and so on, more than about 50 industries. Some of the artisanal producers are: character casting, papermaking, making waxed paper, making corrugated paper, pianos, sock weaving, dyeing and weaving, tweed hats, elastic bands, handkerchiefs, making clocks, making waxed wires, ice creams, masquerades, electric carving, stinking potions, dyeing skins, leather rods, throwing, plating, soaps, matches, enameling, material industry, toothbrushes, buttons, cufflinks for suits, flashlights, iron beds, cork, mosquito-repellent incense, children's toys, gilt wood and machine-made paper boxes, paper bags, printed cans, and so on. In addition, there are still many unspecified production methods of the industry, it is estimated that the handmade production also plays an important role, such as: lace, starch, marble, umbrellas, hot-water bottles, silver boxes, the production of pounds, shoe polish, printing desk, candles, solid wood oil, methane gas lamps, cookies, sweets, and so on. ①
It should be noted that the object of the above survey is the Shanghai industry in the "factory", from the survey content, mostly for the more successful in various industries. Therefore, the handicraft production in the Shanghai industry actually exists more widely, the status is also more important. According to the Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Social Affairs l933-1935 on the city's firms census results, "the total number of 72,084, and both the nature of the handicrafts firms, up to 26,128, is the number of handicrafts accounted for about 36.25% of the city's firms, which is sufficient to see that the handicrafts in the citizen's economy, has occupied an important position! This shows that handicrafts have occupied an important position in the civic economy." Here said both handicraft nature of the firm is likely to refer to both production and sales of handmade products. Judging from the situation of 5,874 of them, their production without power and with more than 15 workers ****178, without power and with less than 15 workers ****5,696. These completely manual production enterprises, its categories include almost all industrial sectors, including: daily-use industry 811, including knitting, lace, shoes and hats, foreign ironware, measuring instruments, hot-water bottles, toothbrushes, brushes, mirrors, buttons, lamp umbrellas, toothpicks and other industries; furniture industry 1,155, including wood furniture, metal furniture, rattan and bamboo furniture, beds and sofas, suitcases, stoves, etc.; smelting industry 662, including metal smelting, sand turning industry, and the industry is not a good idea. Smelting industry 662, including metal smelting, sand turning industry; transportation industry 163, including vehicle manufacturing, vehicle repair, vehicle parts, shipbuilding industry; machines and metal products industry 395, including machines, machine and hardware repair, hardware manufacturing, batteries and torches, electrical parts, cans, steel windows, welding, copper and tin, copper and lead wire, etc.; soil and stone industry 49, including ceramics, glass, masonry, stone, wood and water work; 80 textile industry, including cotton weaving, silk weaving, dyeing and printing, textile supplies industry; paper and printing industry 169, including paper, printing (with lettering), bookbinding and other industries; timber industry 1,055, including groove boards, sawmills, air boxes, woodwork, woodwork, board boxes, life ware, cork, mirror wood, molded wood, shoe lasts, etc.; rubber and leather industry, 59, including tanning, leather goods industry; tobacco, drinking, and other industries. 37 food industry, including candy canned cookies, bread, spices, noodles, cigarettes, etc.; 13 chemical industry, including cosmetics, soap and alkali, candle making, etc.; 92 ornaments and instruments industry, including instruments and stationery, musical instruments, silverware, gifts, fine arts, jewelry, sports equipment, etc.; 1,129 other categories, including medical appliances, box making, toys, rope and thread, flower popping, statue making, paper tying and carving, briquettes, teeth and bone ware, glue, bamboo hut, mane printing, rattan and bamboo ware, incense and candles, firecrackers industry. ②
Shanghai adjacent to Zhejiang Province, is the more economically developed areas of modern China, but compared with Shanghai, the machine industry is less, and handicrafts in the economy is more important in the form of the status. 30's the early 30's Ministry of Railways on the Beijing-Guangdong line, Zhejiang section of the economic survey said: "Zhejiang section of the industry to Hangzhou as the center point of the new type of machine, and the use of electricity, there are yarn mills, silk factories, cotton mills, and the use of electric power, and the use of electric power. Silk factory, cotton weaving factory ... he, such as soap factory, building factory ... and so on, are also known to the place for the center of the region, * * * production capacity accounted for more than 60% of the total value of the whole section. In addition, everywhere, generally for handicrafts. Cotton weaving, knitting, soap-making and other industries, Lanxi is more developed, Jinhua, followed by Qu County. As for Jiande, Tonglu, Fenshui, Xindeng, Yiwu, Zhuji and other counties, although there is also a textile industry, but the output is tiny, not enough for self-sufficiency." (3) For example, the region's Shouchang County: "The county people are all farming, no industry to speak of. Although there are more than seventy households in the handmade paper industry, it is only a sideline of the farming family. ...... As for the mechanical industry, there is only a factory of electric lamps and rice milling". Chun'an County: "Still in a rural social state. All kinds of handicrafts have no special products. Mechanical industry, only electric lamps and rice milling industry. ② Yuyao County can be regarded as Zhejiang's economy is still developed areas, but in the early 1930s, industry is only two canned food factories, three small machine rice mills, three small electric lamp company, a machine cotton ginning factory, the rest are all workshop handicrafts or cottage industry. (3) of course, in Hangzhou and other large and medium-sized cities, modern industry in the 30's has been quite developed, but the handicrafts accounted for the importance of the position is still surprising. Silk industry is the basic industry of Hangzhou's economy, but in 1931, there were 54 silk factories in the city, including 867 electric looms and 521 hand-woven iron looms. Employees 3,009 people, including 2,558 workers. Production of silk and satin fabrics such as 122,645 bolts, worth more than 4,961,000 yuan. Another 2 silk weaving factory, one of which has 36 jacquard machines (may manpower), 86 employees, in 1931 produced 50 400 feet of silk fabrics, turnover of 150 000 yuan. The other factory had 15 hand-pulled machines, 4 carving machines, 36 employees, turnover of 60,000 yuan in 1931. In the same year, "purely cottage industry" machine households, employment, production output are far more than "factories". Among them, "cooked goods machine households" 2,596, 6,168 looms, 9,015 workers, production of 370,880 bolts. "Raw goods machine households" 310, 600 machines, 3,200 workers, production of 44,600 bolts, output value of 1,762,000 yuan. In addition, there are "zero machine material households" 200, 310 machines, 320 workers, production of 11,000 bolts. ④ even if there are human looms 1 / 3 strong silk factories and so on all regarded as modern industry, its output is only handmade machine households (not excluding the possibility of a very small number of people who use electricity) 29% (not counting the production of silk weaving factory).
The same belongs to the eastern seaboard of Fujian, handicrafts in the economy of the status of more than Zhejiang. Ministry of Railways in the late 20s on the Fujian coastal interior 28 counties survey report said: "Fujian coastal interior industry is not very developed, still in the handicraft era. Machine industry, in addition to Fuzhou and Xiamen, two slightly large-scale, Hanjiang has a cannery, Longxi has four factories, and other places do not have". County handicrafts profile: "Fuding industry is very childish, completely in the handicrafts era, the important ones are weaving, papermaking, sock weaving, silk thread, fish nets, soy sauce, brick and tile making, ash, tea oil, etc.". "Important industries in Xiapu include iron smelting, ash making, soy sauce making, vegetable oil making, bowl making, dried plum making, etc.". "Fu'an is famous for manufacturing paper umbrellas, donggua sugar, coarse porcelain, bricks, tiles, brown sugar, tea oil, soy sauce, hair blue silverware, young bamboo fire cages, and bolts of cloth" ...... Fuzhou (Minhou) is the seat of the provincial government, but it seems that the handicraft industry is far more developed than the larger industries: "Fuzhou machine industry is important, there are canned goods, gum, oil, and shipbuilding four". Canning "factory" 3, the largest workers only 16 people. Gum factory 2, the biggest worker 50 people. "The only one that used new machines in the oil press industry was the Cheng Kee Factory, which was attached to the Electric Light Company. Only the Mawei shipyard, can be considered really big machine industry. And handicrafts "to name a few of the important ones are 55 lacquer ware, leather box industry 23, 21 hardware industry, 39 comb angle industry, comb industry 10, 13 candle industry, 7 material industry, 39 socks industry, towel industry 6, 55 cotton industry, umbrella industry more than a hundred. ⑤
The central region of China in recent times, the overall economy is significantly behind the east, due to the underdevelopment of the machine industry, the status of handicrafts is even more important. The following is only an example of some parts of Anhui, Hunan and Shaanxi provinces.
According to the Ministry of Railways in 1930 on the Beijing-Guangdong line, Anhui section of Dangtu, and County, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Fanchang and other 13 counties of the survey, modern industry is concentrated in the Wuhu port, the other counties are basically handicrafts, cotton spinning and weaving, papermaking, and reeling and weaving, silk, knitting, soap and candles, paper cannons and other industries. (6) According to the survey of Wuhu conducted by the Construction Committee in 1934, "Wuhu ....... has complete machine industry, only yarn mill, flour mill and rice mill ....... the rest of the huller, soap, cotton weaving, socks weaving, printing and other 20 industries, although there are also those who use machines, but they are still more than those who use manpower, and they should belong to the handmade industry". Industry". The survey has a Wuhu industrial statistics table, including modern industry and handicraft ****24 industry, if we put the yarn factory, power plant, flour mill, rice mill, machine factory as modern industry, other as handicraft, then the handicraft industry in the number of units, the number of capital, the number of business respectively accounted for the total number of industry 99%, 22%, 53%. In addition, such as embroidery, lacquer, shoes, umbrellas, western-style clothes, etc., are handicrafts, "in particular, their workshops are mostly set up in the store, capital and business in the store to calculate". ①
Between 1933 and 1934, Liling, Hunan, Xiangtan, Hengshan, Hengyang, Anren and other 20 counties survey: "This area across the south of Hunan and north of Guangdong, the transportation is inconvenient, the people's wisdom is closed, and the land is more than poor, so the modern industry, especially fresh to do, only Xiangtan, Hengyang, Qiujiang provinces, electric lamp factory, Hengyang, there are glass factories, dyeing and weaving factories, liling, porcelain factory before and after about more than ten. Porcelain factory before and after about ten. In addition to the electric lamp factory, the rest is only in its infancy, not yet free of the old-style handicrafts. To the scale of the electric light factory, but also to the small". ② "the more famous of the old-style handicrafts, such as Liling porcelain, summer cloth, firecrackers, Xiangtan umbrellas, Shixing, Renhua paper for the most. ③ "and the countryside of the peasant households, there are the system of defense explosion, paper makers, weaving mat, glued paper umbrella, making farm tools, burning bricks and mortar charcoal, weaving bamboo ware". ④
From the 1935 survey of Shaanxi Chang'an, Xianyang, Xingping, Wugong, Fufeng, Qishan, Fengxiang, Baoji and other 25 counties, its modern industry and handicrafts are undeveloped, but the impact of handicrafts on the economic life of the obviously greater than modern industry. 24 counties, only Chang'an modern industry is slightly more developed, with the manufacture of pumping machines, such as small machines in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Machines, and machine brick and tile company, Acid factory, soap factory each 1. The rest of the civilian factories, etc., can only be called workshop handicrafts only. In addition, in addition to Baoji has a match factory, can not see what modern industry. The region's handicrafts in the famous for Fengxiang's wine industry, wood industry, Qishan's noodles industry. Fenghuang wine is produced in Fenghuang and name, the county and Liu Lin Chen village two towns, * * * there are 60 burning room, each home every day out of about 280 pounds of wine, 60 annual * * * production of about 403.2 million pounds of wine, the general price of wine per hundred pounds of l0 yuan or so. The county's annual output of about 7.5 million kilograms of wine, about the value of more than 700,000 yuan, more than transported to Xi'an, transit around. The county wood is also the province's famous, counting the county city wood industry **** 27, annually manufacturing wood about 1.5 million pieces, ordinary each piece of about 5 to 6 yuan. Qishan County's hanging noodles in the province is quite far. The city's noodle store about l0, annual output of about 1.5 million pounds, about 1 yuan per 10 pounds. In addition, Xingping annual production of cloth about 270,000 kilograms, worth about 240,000 yuan, distributed in northern Shaanxi, Gansu and other places. Liquan annual output of about 170,000 kilograms of cloth, worth about 150,000 yuan, more sales in Gansu. From the investigator's account, can be seen in Shaanxi's economic backwardness to their deep impression: "As for the cottage industry, the counties, towns and villages, the livelihood of the better farmers, between the self-made old-style loom a wooden loom, for the housewives to generate profits, the work time is not always, most of them more than the farm for the leisure time, the output of the more for their own use ... such cottage industry, the past year This kind of cottage industry was quite common in the past, but since the drought, the people could not afford to save their lives, and most of them could no longer afford to engage in this kind of sideline industry. Whenever I pass through a county, I always see that only a few farmers have this kind of production tools, and sometimes I can't find them by searching around. Other small industries, such as paper making, agricultural tools, brick and tile burning, lime and charcoal burning, are all in the same situation, and it can be seen that people's livelihoods have been reduced to a state of destitution. ⑤
Modern China's southwest and northwest, especially the frontier part, or difficult transportation, or poor natural conditions, the modern level of industry and handicrafts is more backward. The following is a brief description of the situation in Guizhou, Yunnan, Gansu part of the region. According to the survey before the war and at the beginning of the war, Guizhou's industry and commerce "is still in its infancy at most. In terms of production, most of them are still relying on sweat and handmade; in terms of trafficking, several of them are relying on the penetration of the line vendors. There are no factories equipped with machines or large-scale stores." 6. (6) As for the cotton textile industry, there were no machine mills in 1937, and it was all handmade: "The handmade cotton textile industry in the counties of Zhenfeng, Anlong, Guanling, Fushan, Duyun, Meitan, Luodian, and Anshun in Guizhou Province was quite developed, but the province's year-round consumption required about 2,444,565 pints of cloth, while self-sufficiency amounted to 1,296,188 pints, or about half of the total. However, the province's annual consumption demanded about 2,444,565 pieces of cloth, while the self-supply only amounted to 1,296,188 pieces, which was about half. Food processing was also done by hand: "rice was made from paddy, mostly by 'water milling', i.e., using water to grind off the rice coat". Other products, such as paint, paper, matches, candles, soap, glass, metal manufacturing, bamboo and wood ceramics manufacturing, are handicrafts. ②
The Ministry of Railways about the early 30s on the Xiangdian line near the Yunnan-Guizhou section of the eight counties, namely Xuanwei, urnan, Yuqing, Tongren, Yinjiang, Province Creek, Jiangkou, Sinan conducted a survey of the impression that: "Xiangdian-Yungui section of the Yunnan-Guizhou section of the counties near the industry, compared to the counties along the line is particularly naive. Mechanical industry, in addition to Xuanwei, the rest are handicrafts. The larger products are Xuanwei ham and cloth from various counties. Most of the various industries are operated by farmers in their spare time for farming, either for work or for dropout." Even in Kunming, the provincial capital, handicrafts still dominated. Kunming, "the county industry, only brewing room, soy sauce room, oil room, weaving room, sewing room, coffin room, rice noodle room, bean curd room, sugar room, paper room, carpenter room, blacksmith room and so on a number of kinds of individual business, no large-scale organization, manufacturing purely with the old method, and did not improve, and all the equipment is very simple ... ... ...The downtown industry is more developed, but according to the visit, it is not yet out of the handicraft era. There are only a few machines in use, and even if there are machines, there are more than ten of them, or a few of them, and half of them are used manually, and the goods produced are not yet sufficient to meet the needs of the city. ④
A survey of Gansu in 1935 showed that "the production situation in Gansu is still purely at the stage of agricultural society". ⑤ "The machine industry is very naive, the only place in the province where there are two or three factories is Lanzhou. However, the handicraft industry in Gansu was far more common and important than the modern industry: "In the aspect of food, there were grinding flour, beating oil, brewing wine, making vermicelli, curing meat, etc.; in the aspect of consumption, there were spinning, weaving, leather work, woolen knitting, hemp shoes, straw hats, felt carpets, etc.; in the aspect of utensils, there were ceramic tiles, bamboo mats, lacquer ware, etc.; in addition there were also making cigarettes, matches, soaps, making paper, making incense, etc.". ". ⑦