Since the reform and opening up, the transformation of China's economic system, the distribution of labor has undergone a substantial transformation, the distribution of graduates since the late 1980s faded out of the historical stage, employment has become a general concern of the whole society. In recent years, the social demand for higher education has been increasing, the number of enrollment of general colleges and universities for undergraduates has been rising, and the enrollment of master's degree students and doctoral students has also been expanding, in addition, a large number of students studying abroad, every year, a large number of graduates to be employed during the graduation season, they can't find a job, and the "returnees" have turned into the "returnees", and college students have become the "returnees". Sea to be", the problem of difficult employment of college students is very serious and needs to be resolved.
1 social reasons for the inversion of academic
Professional settings are unreasonable: the annual student training program of higher vocational colleges and universities will invite experts to demonstrate, take the initiative to interact with enterprises to visit, the implementation of the "order-type cultivation", however, undergraduates mainly switching to and academics, and postgraduates, especially academic postgraduates are also Mainly based on theoretical research, such academic learning is bound to be poorer links with the community, and the annual financial allocations of the state is mainly invested in the training of undergraduates, graduate students and doctoral students, and higher vocational colleges and universities to get less financial allocations, but also forced them to distance themselves from the enterprises in the community, to use a common saying Undergraduates are to be eaten by the milk, and specialists are looking for the milk to eat. Fresh graduates hands-on ability and poor application ability: at this stage due to the expansion of the university, compared to the expansion of the number of graduates produced is improved, but the quality to go down, many college students in the four years of college time and did not study seriously, and finally graduated, college students do not get a good promotion of the ability to get four years of golden time has become in order to get a piece of paper diploma of four years of blank, college students do not have a solid foundation of knowledge and skills, but also to get a piece of paper certificate. College students did not lay down a solid knowledge of professional skills, which caused a great obstacle to employment, in addition, due to the university's general education is not popular, many students only know the knowledge of the specialty, narrow knowledge, such as construction designers learn to do cad, but he will only do cad, aesthetics of the aspects of the cad is not quite equipped to do the work of the substance, the ability to be limited. This puts undergraduates in an awkward situation when looking for a job. Target status narrow: the main emphasis on big cities, most of the graduates only pay attention to these big cities in the north, Guangzhou and other big cities, or the city level above the company, the county level or county level below the work is not considered, the office staff of the agricultural program lack of people; employment goals and the actual derailment: graduate undergraduates on the work of the expectations of the high, their own salary and treatment and other aspects of the expectations of the high, but when looking for a job, it becomes high or low. When looking for a job, it becomes high but not low, however, specialized students on the job expectations will not be too high, solid and willing to work, willing to try on any job, can be competent, especially those who can be integrated with the community of practical work, the bottom of the human cost, willing to go to the grass-roots level to exercise, and the application of their learning assignments are strong. This makes them in the job market can find a job, and a lot of work to be a good salary.
2. Dualistic labor market segmentation
While the problem of inverted qualifications of graduates has its own social reasons, but from an economic point of view, especially from the perspective of dualistic labor market segmentation.
The theory of dualistic labor market segmentation, this theory holds that: there is a division of the labor market between the primary and secondary labor markets; the primary labor market has high income, stable work, good working conditions, more training opportunities, and a good promotion mechanism; while the secondary labor market is the opposite of this, with low income, unstable work, poor working conditions, few training opportunities, and a lack of promotion mechanism; For workers in the primary labor market, education and training can increase their income, while for workers in the secondary labor market, receiving education and training has no effect on increasing their income; and there is poor mobility between the primary and secondary labor markets. Workers in the primary labor market can easily flow into the secondary labor market, while workers in the secondary labor market can hardly enter the primary labor market directly, and workers in the secondary labor market have to suffer from multiple barriers to enter the primary labor market, firstly, workers in the secondary labor market will suffer from institutional barriers, such as the household registration system, the health care system, the personnel system, or the establishment system, etc.; and secondly, once the secondary workers enter the secondary labor market, they will be unable to enter the primary labor market directly. Once secondary workers enter the secondary labor market, the working environment of the secondary labor market will cultivate specific work behaviors of secondary workers, which will make it more difficult for secondary workers to enter the primary labor market. The number of graduates who want to enter these few major labor markets is large, but the major labor markets are still a minority, and the vast majority of job seekers are still unable to enter the major markets they want to enter.
The impact of the binary system of labor market segmentation on employment is far-reaching, the reason why the phenomenon of inverted education, has its own practical significance, from the labor market segmentation of the content of the point of view, on the one hand: the main labor market is the scarcity of the planned organization of the leadership of the work, the work of such a high salary, good treatment, to enter the main labor market is bound to enter the main labor market is the job all the graduates dream of, the main labor market. In China, the main labor market based on the theory mainly includes: state-run (with) enterprises, collective enterprises and party and government organs, large enterprises, large companies, etc., but the main labor market positions are few, small scope, which will inevitably result in the vast majority of job-seekers are unable to enter the field of such careers, the number of graduates of ordinary Chinese universities and colleges has been increasing year by year, however, due to the number of graduates each year is too much, all graduates subjective However, due to the excessive number of graduates each year, all graduates subjectively want to enter the major labor markets, and there is a situation in which the supply of jobs exceeds the demand. With the reform of China's personnel system, the opportunities for workers to enter the major labor markets have become fewer and fewer, and the competition has become particularly fierce. The probability of success in job searching in the primary labor market shows a positive correlation, on the other hand: the secondary labor market refers to the simplicity of the programmed and plannable jobs, such jobs are low-paying and poorly treated, although, the secondary labor market has more jobs, a wide range of jobs, and the conditions of the job requirements are relaxed, the vast majority of the job-seekers who are unable to access to the primary labor market have to access to the secondary labor market after the final attempts to no avail. In the secondary labor market, education does not contribute much to the chances of finding a job, while years of working experience is positively correlated with the primary labor market. Employers in the secondary labor market tend to hire employees according to their own company's developmental needs, and nowadays, the disciplines of vocational colleges and universities have a greater convergence with the needs of the market, while undergraduate, graduate and even doctoral students have a greater convergence with the market in their disciplines. In its discipline setting and market integration is weak, so it causes the vast majority of people in the job market when looking for work, obviously have a high degree, but still can not find a job.
3. Suggestions on the inversion of academic qualifications
For the job seekers, due to the gap between the primary labor market and secondary labor market, job seekers should improve their personal ability and change their employment expectation to combine with the social reality, as well as to improve all aspects of ability through the school's general education study, and to seek for a good job by enlarging their own markers. For the society, it is not enough to simply ask the highly educated to lower their attitude and accept jobs in remote areas and small and medium-sized enterprises; on the contrary, it is very crucial to narrow the income gap and eliminate the segmentation of the labor market. Once there is no longer such a clear distinction between good and bad jobs in terms of salary and benefits, people will not be willing to pay for good jobs just to get them. People will not be selectively unemployed in order to get a good job. The government is taking positive action and playing its due role. The supply and demand sides of China's labor market are grossly unequal. For one thing, there is a large amount of fiercely competitive surplus labor, and for another, the employers of labor, i.e., capital, are in a monopolistic position. Leaving the market to its own devices is not in the interest of workers, especially those who are employed. This calls for the government to play a role and take positive action to solve the current "dilemma": first, the relevant government departments should urge enterprises to strictly enforce the minimum wage regulations, standardize the employment environment, and safeguard the rights and interests of university students. Second, government departments should actively promote the reform of the employment system and social security system.