(I) Feeding process
The planning and design of factory pig farms are mainly based on the feeding process, and the all-in-all-out feeding process with the week as the beat is commonly used at present. According to the different feeding cycles and methods, there are the following common processes and characteristics.
1.1 Limit - four-stage feeding
Empty sows
Mating pregnancy → delivery → conservation → growth → breeding
Sow single limit feeding 4 weeks 5 weeks 5 weeks 5 weeks 11 weeks
Process features: ①Pregnant sows in a single column of limit intensive feeding, easy to manage, sows do not compete for food and fight to reduce stress and abortion. Stress and abortion, than a small group of pregnant sows pen feeding to save floor space. ②Delivery pen is designed according to 6 weeks. Delivery sows into the delivery pen 1 week in advance, delivery lactation 4 weeks weaning
milk, out of the pen after 1 week of empty pen cleaning and disinfection of the barn, conducive to hygiene and epidemic prevention. The nursery is designed for 6 weeks, 5 weeks of feeding, and 1 week of cleaning and disinfecting the empty pen.
1.2 Semi-restricted - four-stage rearing
Empty pregnant sows
Mating pregnancy → delivery → conservation → growth → breeding
Empty light group rearing 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 5 weeks, 5 weeks, 11 weeks
Heavy fetus restricted rearing
Process characteristics: the most important difference between empty - four-stage rearing is that empty - four-stage rearing is the most difficult. The biggest difference is that empty and light-born sows are reared in small groups of four or five sows per pen, and are turned into single-unit confinement rearing five weeks before farrowing. Using this feeding process, lactating sows weaned to the mating pregnancy house small group feeding, sow activities increase
Added to enhance the physical fitness of sows and prolong the peak period of fertility of sows have certain benefits, while reducing investment in equipment; the disadvantage is that it increases the workload of management, and sometimes sows fight for food and fight to increase the stress, the area of the barn is also increased.
1.3 Restricted-five-stage feeding
Empty sows
Mating and pregnancy → delivery → conservation → growth 1 → growth 2 → breeding
Sow single-unit confinement feeding 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 5 weeks, 5 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks
Process characteristics: the biggest difference between it and the restricted-four-stage feeding is that the growth to breeding is divided into two stages, namely, growth and breeding. The biggest difference is that it is divided into three stages from growth to breeding, the advantage is that it can reduce the area of pig house, the disadvantage is that the pigs are transferred to the pen more than once, which increases the stress.
1.4 Early weaning (10~21d) segregated rearing
Empty sows
250m~10km
Weaned at 10~21 days old
Two-point rearing: mating and pregnancy → parturition, nursery care → growth → breeding
Empty sows
20~25kg
Weaning at 10~21 days of age
Dual point rearing: mating pregnancy → delivery, nursery care → growth → growing → breeding
Empty sows
20~25kg
Separated by 250m~10km
Separated by 250m~10km
Weaning at 10~21 days of age
Three-point rearing: mating and pregnancy → parturition, conservation, growth →finishing Technique features: Early weaning (10~21d), segregated rearing is a new pig rearing process, referred to as SEW (Segregated Early Weaning), i.e., according to the herd's own needs, it is the best way for pigs to grow. It is called SEW (Segregated Early Weaning), i.e., according to the diseases that need to be removed from the herd itself, weaning is carried out at the age of 10~21d, and then the piglets are sent to the nursery for segregated rearing in the clean area from 250m to
10k m from the farrowing house, which is the two-point segregated rearing of early weaning. In order to be safer, three-point segregation can also be used in pig farms that have the conditions.
At present, limit-four-stage feeding and semi-limit-four-stage feeding are more common. Compared with general factory pig raising, the newly developed SEW feeding process has the advantages of increasing the number of piglets born to sows, cutting off the way of piglets being infected with diseases by sows or other big pigs, improving the health level of piglets
, and the advantages of fast piglet weight gain. It is worth recommending to all pig farms.
(2) Planning and design
2.1 Site selection
The selection of the site is crucial to the feeding of pig farms, and the following aspects should be considered.
2.1.1 Long-term planning Today's society is developing rapidly, urban and rural construction is changing rapidly, today's rural areas, 10 years later may be the city center. Pig farming is a long-term industry, so the construction of pig farms should be in line with the development of the city, if it can become part of the city's food basket project
Built pig farms in the city's planned livestock production base, you can avoid the embarrassment of demolition. 2.1.2 Water, electricity, transportation and other factors A 10,000-head factory pig farm, the daily water consumption of 150 ~ 250t, clean and stable water source is the first thing that must be considered. The installed capacity of the pig farm is large, generally 70 ~ 100 kw, and can not be blackout, once the blackout, the pigs thirsty to drink
to water, hot can not ventilate the cooling, piglets cold can not be heated to keep warm, will seriously affect the production, therefore, it is best to build the pig farm in the area of the grid power supply is stable, and at the same time should also have a small generator in case of accidents. A 10,000-head farm, the daily entry and exit of the feed, manure, pigs
About 20 t, the farm will be built in a convenient location to measure the transportation costs can be reduced.
2.1.3 Hygiene and epidemic prevention In order to maintain good hygienic and epidemic prevention conditions, the site should be selected in the high terrain, open terrain, well ventilated, and at the same time away from residential areas and medical institutions, slaughterhouses and other places.
2.1.4 Pollution prevention and control The amount of feces in 10,000-head pig farms is very large, and if it can not be treated timely and effectively, it will pollute the surrounding environment and cause ecological imbalance. Therefore, the choice of site should be considered away from the source of drinking water, while leaving space for sewage treatment. Manure treatment .
Combined with fishpond farming, fruit and vegetable planting and other crop production, turning waste into treasure; manure can also be sold as fertilizer after drying;
2.2 Functional area planning and design of the overall layout of the factory farm is mainly from the three-dimensional sanitary and epidemiological prevention system and production management point of view, according to the function of the division into a number of areas, generally divided into the production area of the piggery and the office living area. Production area mainly includes: various production pig houses, isolation house, disinfection room, veterinary room,
Pharmacy, duty room and feed room, etc. The production area should be isolated from other areas, completely closed, foreign personnel, vehicles, materials must be strictly disinfection test before entering. In order to reduce pollution, according to the local year-round dominant wind direction, the office and living area will be placed in the wind direction or side wind
direction.
Office living area mainly includes offices, staff quarters, canteens, sports fields and so on.
2.3 Architectural planning and design of production area
2.3.1 Architectural planning and design of pig house When designing the plan of pig house, firstly, we should calculate the number of pigs in each reproductive period and the number of fences according to the flow of the factory production process, and then carry out the plan design. The following is an example of annual production of 10,000 meat pigs, calculate the number of pigs
only the number of pigs in each stage of rearing, the number of fences.
2.3.1.1 Number of pigs in each reproductive period With the shortening of lactation time by SEW feeding process, the number of fetuses per sow per year has been improved to about 2.3 fetuses/year (2.1 fetuses/year in general process), and the number of sows needed for 10,000 meat pigs per year is:
10,000 ÷ 2.3 fetuses/year ÷ 9 fetuses/litter ÷ 92% ÷ 98% = 536
Taking 550 sows (of which: 92% is the survival rate of suckling piglets; 98% is the survival rate of piglets) is 50 sows less than the general feeding process.
Based on 550 sows, the whole farm needs to breed 24 boars.
The number of litters per week: 550 x 2.3 litters/head ÷ 52 weeks = 24.3 litters, take 24 litters. In other words, 24 sows will be mated every week, 24 sows will give birth to piglets, and the number of piglets per week: 24 x 9/litter = 216.
Weekly marketed meat pig: 216 x 92% x 95% = 194.7, take 195.
Annual marketed pigs: 52×195=10,140.
2.3.l.2 Number of enclosures
a) Boar pens: 24 pens, each with an area of 5.04 m2 (2.4 m × 2.1m).
b) Individual sow pens: total number of producing sows - number of sows in farrowing house
= 550 - (3 weeks x 24 heads/week) = 478 heads, taking into account factors such as reserve sows and so on, 490 pens are taken, with each pen having an area of 1.26 m2 (2.1 m x 0.6 m).
c) Delivery pen: pregnant sows enter the delivery pen 1 week before delivery, 3 weeks after delivery, 1 week after delivery to clean and disinfect the delivery pen, **** 5 weeks.
Number of farrowing pens = number of sows delivered per week × 5 = 24 × 5 = 120 pens, with an area of 4.07 m2 (2.2 m × 0.85 m) per pen.
d) Nursery pen: Delivered piglets enter the nursery pen. Two litters put together a litter, nursery period of 6 weeks, 1 week cleaning and disinfection, ***7 weeks.
Number of nursery pens = number of deliveries per week ÷ 2 × 7 = 24 ÷ 2 × 7 = 84 pens, with an area of 8.1 m2 (3 m × 2.7 m) per pen.
e) Growth and breeding pens: growth and breeding pens are usually two litters per pen, with 6 weeks of growth period (1 week of cleaning) and 11 weeks of breeding period.
Number of growth pens = number of births per week ÷ 2 × 6
= 24 ÷ 2 × 6 = 72 pens, with an area of 16.2 m2 (5 m × 3.6 m)
Number of breeding pens = number of births per week ÷ 2 × 11 = 24 ÷ 2 × 11 = 132 pens, with an area of 24 m2 (5 m × 4.8 m) per pen.
2.4 Floor plan design of various pigsties According to the number of pens, the floor plan design of pigsties can be carried out. The main principles of the plan design of the pigsty are: ① the width of the pigsty is mainly to consider the summer ventilation and cooling, so the pigsty is generally designed according to the 2 or 3 columns, the width of the house is 7.5 ~ 11 m. ② the length of the pigsty is mainly to consider the convenience of the sewage, a variety of
pigsty length should not be too big a difference, and is conducive to making full use of the land, the general length of the pigsty is 60 ~ 100 m. Based on the above principles, a 10,000-head pigsties of all kinds of Based on the above principles, a 10,000-head pig farm with various types of pig houses are: one pregnant house (90 m×7.5 m), one pregnant house (90 m×7.5 m), one birthing house (98 m×10.5 m), one nursery house (102 m×7.5 m), one growing house (101 m×11 m), and two breeding
houses (96 m×11 m). The floor plan of the pig house should also pay attention to the following points: ① all the best pig house according to the process flow "a" word arrangement, easy to manage and epidemic prevention. ② most parts of China's pigsty should sit in the north south, adequate sunlight can play a sterilization and winter heating
role, if the terrain is limited, the direction can be in the south west 5 ° to the south east of 15 ° between the changes. ③From the point of view of ventilation and epidemic prevention, the interval between pig houses should be 2~2.5 times of the height of the pig house, generally not less than 9 m.
2.5 Planning and design of other buildings in the production area
Other buildings in the production area mainly include pig platforms, manure platforms, sewage treatment, feed room (factory), veterinary room, personnel disinfection, vehicle disinfection and roads, etc. The planning and design should pay attention to the following points. The following points.
2.5.1 It is better to have only one entrance and exit in the production area, and have personnel disinfection, vehicle disinfection and duty room.
2.5.2 The pig exit platform and manure collection tank are placed next to the fence, so that foreign pigs and manure trucks do not have to enter the production area to operate.
2.5.3 If the feed mill is not in the production area, a feed room can be set up by the fence, and the feed will be transported to the feed room by the outside vehicles, and then the feed will be transported to the pig houses by the vehicles in the production area.
2.5.4 Roads in the production area can be broadly divided into footpaths, feed roads and pig and manure roads according to the use of the area. Among them, because of the pollution of pig manure transport road, should try to separate from other roads and do not intersect, conducive to pig farm epidemic prevention.
2.5.5 The isolation barn should be far away from the production barn and in the downwind or side wind direction all year round.
2.5.6 The water source and power source should be close to each pig house, convenient to use and reduce waste. At the same time, the water source should have practical protection measures to avoid being polluted; power supply should be safe to use electricity.
2.5.7 Manure sewage treatment should be unified planning, combined with the actual conditions, make full use of. And pay attention to the separation of sewage and rainwater to reduce the amount of sewage treatment.
2.6 Office and living area building planning and design
Office and living area should be far away from the production area, and placed in a superior location should also be supported with leisure and entertainment facilities. The planning of the office area should be convenient for management, especially the sterilization management of foreign personnel and vehicles.