The country's climate is characterized by dry summers (average temperature 18-29 ° C) and cold winters (especially in its north, the average temperature 0 ° C.). Spring and fall are mild.
Health advice
A recent medical and dental examination should ascertain exactly what state of health the traveler is in. Carry the required proof of health and accident insurance and all important medical records with you. Bring all medications and other treatments prescribed by your doctor and all necessary personal hygiene items, including a spare pair of eyeglasses or contact lenses if necessary. Drink only bottled beverages (including water) or beverages prepared from boiled water. Do not add ice cubes to drinks, and do not eat raw seafood, partially cooked meat or dairy products. Eat well-cooked foods and those fruits that can be peeled without contamination while they are still hot. Don't buy food from street vendors or hawkers.
Swim only in well-managed, chlorinated swimming pools or in water known to be uncontaminated. Wear clothing that minimizes skin exposure and apply repellents containing antitetracycline to exposed areas. Sleep in a room with tightly screened windows and doors. Wear sunglasses, wide-brimmed hats, and use sunscreen lotion and lip balm to reduce sun-related health problems.
Vaccination: all travelers from infected areas are required to have a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate.?
Malaria? Occurs during the season when mosquitoes are active, from June through November, with a high incidence in August and September. The following areas are at risk: eastern provinces (Kunarha, Laghman and Nangarhar), north and northeast (Kunduz, Takhar and Badashan), south (Helmand, Kandahar). Malaria transmission occurs in the villages of these regions below 2,000 meters above sea level. There is no risk of the disease in Kabul. In the south, however, malaria is endemic even in the cities. Interday malaria accounts for 90-95% of the cases and the rest are falciparum malaria. Most of the falciparum malaria occurs in the eastern region bordering Pakistan. According to current reports chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria apparently occurs only in the areas bordering Pakistan. Travelers to malaria-endemic areas should take prophylactic medication in addition to mosquito repellent measures. Travelers to villages where P. falciparum is endemic should have mefloquine or doxycycline available. In other areas, travelers should take chloroquine weekly.
Traveler's diarrhea? High risk. Shigella dysentery is a serious hazard in the country. Cases of amoebiasis and Giardia are also common. All food should be well boiled. Treatment with quinolone antibiotics is recommended for patients with diarrhea. Cases that do not respond to antibiotic therapy may be caused by parasitic or enteroviral infections.?
Hepatitis? All susceptible travelers should be immunoglobulin or hepatitis A vaccinated prior to being in the country. Hepatitis B carries up to 50% of the population. Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all healthcare workers traveling to the country and should be considered for travelers planning to extend their stay.?
Hepatitis E? High risk. High prevalence in rural areas. Prevention is by virucidal treatment of all drinking water. No vaccine is available.
Encephalitis B? Low risk. Historically occurred in eastern border areas.
Leishmaniasis? Cutaneous leishmaniasis occurs in rural and peri-urban areas, especially in the north at altitudes of 400-800 meters. The main risk areas include the plains of northern Afghanistan and the outskirts of Kabul. Other risk areas are the south of Kandahar and the west of Herat, with sporadic reports of visceral leishmaniasis. There is no apparent regional spread. All travelers to areas at risk of infection should take steps to prevent insect bites (ticks).?
Rabies? Epidemics of human cases have been reported in rural areas. Travelers to remote villages for more than 4 weeks should consider pre-exposure vaccination.
Other diseases? Brucellosis, cholera, echinococcosis, leptospirosis, louse-borne typhus, sandfly fever (mosquito-borne), Siberian wall louse typhus, louse-borne regression fever, typhoid fever (highly endemic), tuberculosis, and intestinal helminth infections.
Special Considerations
. AIDS is present in the country. Blood supplies may not be properly screened and/or disposable needles and syringes may not be available locally. Whenever possible, travelers should wait until they reach a medical facility where they can be assured of safety.
. presence of snakes and rabies is a hazard in most areas.
Immunization
These recommendations are incomplete and should not be interpreted as applying to all travelers. Questions about immunization should ultimately be based on the traveler's medical history, established journey, length of stay, and purpose of travel.
Cholera: Although vaccination is of limited effectiveness, it may be appropriate for people who have lived or worked for more than 3 months in places with no medical facilities and poor sanitation. Cholera prophylaxis may also be appropriate for travelers with impaired gastric protection who plan protracted visits or are exposed to unsanitary conditions. Cholera vaccination is best avoided in pregnant women, infants less than 6 months of age, or people with a history of severe reactions to the vaccine.
Hepatitis A: Active immunization with hepatitis A vaccine or passive immunization with immune globulin is considered for all susceptible travelers. The option of active immunization is especially considered for people who plan to stay for long periods of time or for those who make frequent short-term visits to risky areas. The longer the stay, the greater the importance of protecting the stayers from hepatitis A. Hepatitis A vaccination is particularly important for people who will be living in or visiting rural areas, eating or drinking in environments with poor or unknown sanitation, or for people (especially children) who will be in close contact with local people with poor sanitation.
Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for health care workers, people who expect to come into direct contact with the blood of, or to have sexual contact with, resident populations, and people who plan to stay in the area for an extended period of time (6 months or more), especially those who expect to utilize local health care facilities, to stay in rural areas, or to come into close contact with local populations.
Polio: A single dose of polio vaccine is recommended for travelers who have previously completed a standard polio immunization program. Refer to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for vaccination of those who are unimmunized or not fully immunized. Pregnancy is a relative contraindication to vaccination; however, if protection with the vaccine is needed, both injectable and oral polio vaccines can be used, with the exact type of vaccine used depending on the traveler's wishes and the possibility of time.
Rabies: Pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies should be considered for people who are staying in the area for more than 30 days, who are at risk of being bitten by domestic and/or wild animals (especially dog bites), or who are engaged in high-risk activities (such as denning or animal control). This need for vaccination is even more important if exposure to rabies is likely to occur in rural areas where appropriate post-exposure health care is not readily available.
Typhoid fever: those who stay in the area for more than 3 weeks. Gastronomic adventurers and those who venture off the usual traveler's beaten path into small cities, villages, and rural areas should consider typhoid vaccination. The less likely it is that reliable health care will be available, the greater the importance of vaccination. Contraindications to prophylaxis depend on the type of vaccine.
Note: All routine vaccinations (e.g., diphtheria or tetanus toxoid vaccine, Hib, measles-mumps-rubella, polio, varicella, influenza, and pneumococcal vaccines) should be up to date as a matter of good health practice not related to travel.
Disease Hazards
More detailed information on the following diseases can be found in the Travel Disease Overview section.
Insect-borne diseases:
. Hemorrhagic Fever (Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever) - This disease occurs locally
. Leishmaniasis (visceral) - locally endemic
. Malaria - endemic
. Whitefly fever - endemic
. Tick-borne fever - widespread
. Typhus fever- Prevalent
Food- and water-borne diseases: many food- and water-borne diseases are prevalent in this region, especially cholera and other watery diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis, and helminthic (parasitic) diseases.
. Brucellosis- Prevalent
. Echinococcosis - widespread
Other hazards:
. Diseases like measles and diphtheria are often reported and cases of polio are still occurring regularly.
. There is a danger of contracting influenza from November to April.
. Trachoma- Widespread
Related Health Requirements
Requirements
Yellow Fever: The country requires that travelers from yellow fever infected areas have a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate.
Reportable Disease Status
Cholera: Officially, cholera is recognized. It has been reported in the following provinces: Badakhshan, Baghlan, Balkh, Helmand, Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, Kapisa, Kunduz, Nangarhar and Zabolol.
Malaria information
Risk areas: All areas are at risk of malaria infection. Plasmodium resistance to chloroquine has been confirmed (some reports indicate a concentration in areas bordering the southern part of Iran's Balochistan province). The World Health Organization reports a malaria transmission rate of 32 per 1,000 in at-risk areas of the country. Almost all of the population is at risk from inter-day malaria, although falciparum malaria infections are increasing and now account for 2% of all malaria cases. The risk of malaria infection is highest from May to November in areas below 2,000 meters above sea level.
Protection: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that travelers visiting at-risk areas take mefloquine prophylaxis in addition to personal protection measures. People with epilepsy, mental disorders, or known allergies to mefloquine should not take this medication and should consider switching to other methods of protection. Talk to your doctor about additional precautions and possible side effects.
A country was formed in the mid-18th century. in the early 19th century it was a site of rivalry between the British Empire and Tsarist Russia. in the 1830s Britain invaded Afghanistan. The Afghan people fought three wars of aggression waged by the British imperialists and finally regained their independence in 1919. August 19th is the national day. on January 20, 1955, diplomatic relations were established with our country.
Residents
The population is 22.1 million. Pashtuns make up 40% of the population, Tajiks 30%, and Uzbeks, Hazaras, Turkmen, and Baluchis. Pashto and Dari (Persian) are the official languages. over 98% of the inhabitants follow Islam, of which 90% are Sunni and the rest are Shia.
Natural Environment
Most of the country is situated on the Iranian Plateau, which slopes down from the northeast to the southwest. Mountains and plateaus cover 4/5 of the country, with plains in the southwest and north. Hindukush mountain range is the backbone of Afghanistan, diagonally across the central, the eastern section of the mountain is steep, there is the highest peak Norshak peak elevation of 7,485 meters; the western section drops to less than 1,000 meters, the southwestern part of the desert. The main rivers are the Amu Darya, Hur Darya, Hari Darya and Kabul Darya.
It is a continental climate with little precipitation, dry climate, large temperature difference between winter and summer and day and night, and the average annual precipitation is less than 300 millimeters.
Economic overview
The main mineral deposits are natural gas, oil, iron, coal, salt, copper, chromium, lapis lazuli and marble. Natural gas reserves of 14 million tons, salt reserves of more than 300 million tons, 1300 tons of lapis lazuli reserves, iron ore reserves of 1.769 billion tons.
The economy is based on agriculture and animal husbandry, with farmers and herders accounting for about 80% of the country's population. There are 7.9 million hectares of arable land already cultivated, and the main crops are wheat, barley, rice, corn, cotton, sugar beet, oil crops and melons. The livestock population is about 2.5 million, with 54.7 million hectares of pasture and grassland (6.2 million hectares actually utilized). The main livestock are sheep, purple lambs, goats, cattle, camels, etc. In 1985 there were more than 19.07 million sheep and about 3.75 million cattle. The annual output of wool is 24,000 tons and raw sheepskin more than 24,000 tons. Agricultural output accounts for two-thirds of the gross national product and 35% of exports.
Industry is dominated by handicrafts, mainly cotton and woolen textiles and processing of agricultural and livestock products. In recent years, modern industries have developed, including textiles, cement, electricity, natural gas, coal mining, vehicle repair and food processing, etc. In 1986, the industrial output value amounted to 750 million U.S. dollars.
The main exports are fresh and dried fruits, cotton, wool, purple lambs, carpets, natural gas, lapis lazuli, etc. The main imports are petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, textiles, automobiles, tea, sugar, etc. The main trade objects are Russia, Japan, the United States, the United States and other countries. The main trade objects are Russia, Japan, Britain, India and so on.
Transportation is mainly by road and air. The existing highway is about 20,000 kilometers (of which more than 2,700 kilometers are asphalt and cement roads).
Important cities
Kabul: the capital. Population 1.5 million. National highway and air hub, distribution center for foreign trade. Concentrates most of the country's industries, mainly textiles, cement, food, tanning and automobile repair. There is an international airport on the outskirts of the city.
Haurat: population of more than 180,000 people. For Afghanistan, the former Soviet Union, the trade center between Iran, agricultural and livestock production and distribution center. The crossroads of east-west transportation in the Middle Ages. Islamic holy sites.
Kandahar: population of 230,000 people. Highway transportation hub, has an important strategic position. Nearby agriculture is well developed. Market for agricultural products, mainly fruit and food processing industry.