Urology is specialized in the study of the male and female urinary tract and the male reproductive system of medicine,, it is mainly subdivided from surgery.
The male urinary and reproductive systems are inseparable, while the female urinary tract is open to the external ***. In both men and women, the urinary and reproductive tracts are closely related, and diseases of the two often affect each other.
Urology can be further subdivided into various subspecialties such as urologic oncology, urinary tract stones, voiding disorders, pediatric urology, sexual dysfunction, and male infertility. The relationship between urology and many areas of medicine such as nephrology, obstetrics and gynecology, andrology, and oncology are also quite close.
Organs covered by urology include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, as well as the testes, paratesticles, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, scrotum, and *** of the male reproductive system. The scope of urology diagnosis and treatment includes: prostatitis; prostate hyperplasia; prostate cancer; urinary tract infections (urethritis, mycoplasma and chlamydia infections, gonorrhea, nongonococcal urethritis, etc.); urologic stones; renal, ureteral, and bladder cancers; and urologic diseases such as urinary incontinence.
Varicose veins; syringomyelia: testicular syringomyelia, spermatic cord syringomyelia, traffic syringomyelia; female urology: urinary tract infections, urethral caruncle, urinary incontinence, and overactive bladder syndrome. Urologists can treat "medical diseases" (meaning those that do not require surgical intervention), such as urinary tract infections, as well as "surgical diseases", such as congenital anomalies and cancer surgery.
Only about 20% of patients treated with urology require surgery. Urologists are also involved in the evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence.
Urodynamics is a series of instruments that measure changes in flow, storage, and pressure in the urinary system, of which urologists often use uroflowmetry, bladder pressure mapping, or portable urodynamometers as a reference for treating patients. Treatment may include drug prescription (e.g., oxybutinin or various alpha-blockers), or surgical treatment (e.g., urethral suspension).
The urology department mainly diagnoses and treats male diseases: 1. male urinary tract inflammation, such as epididymitis, urethritis, acute and chronic prostatitis, prostate hyperplasia (hypertrophy), etc. 2.
Male sexual dysfunction and prostate disease, such as impotence, premature ejaculation, spermatorrhea and infertility of renal deficiency and seminal deficiency, the after-effects of adolescents' over-excessive ***, no ***, retrograde ***, and male *** abnormality; 3. male sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea, syphilis, soft chancre, venereal lymphogranuloma, nongonococcal urethritis, condyloma acuminatum, genital herpes; 4.
abnormalities in the morphology of the male external genitalia, such as *** shortness, phimosis, phimosis, *** sclerosis, spermatic varicose veins, testicular sheath effusion and cryptorchidism. Female Disease Editor 1.
Female urethral syndrome, a syndrome in which bladder and urethral *** symptoms are present but no organic lesions are found, is mainly characterized by varying degrees of urinary frequency, urgency, painful urination, and dysuria. The disease is associated with unsatisfactory marriage, childbirth, gynecological diseases or gynecological surgery.
The incidence is higher in women with emotional depression, tension, anxiety or neurasthenia, divorce, family disharmony and sexual disharmony.2
Overactive bladder is characterized by frequent urination, increased nocturia, sometimes accompanied by urinary urgency and incontinence. Its etiology is still not very clear, and it may be related to bladder muscle neuromodulation dysfunction, and some patients may be the sequelae caused by chronic bladder inflammation.
The current treatment drugs are tolterodine hydrochloride (sernitin).3.
Stress urinary incontinence, is a large category of diseases that working women in China are prone to. The cause is related to the relaxation of the pelvic floor support tissues caused by multiple childbirths, or low estrogen levels after menopause.
There are many minimally invasive procedures that can cure the disease well.4
Urinary tract infections, the most common female urological disease, are mainly associated with sexual contact during adolescence, with exertion and menstrual infections in middle-aged women, and with low levels of postmenopausal estrogen and a decrease in the ability of the urinary tract epithelium to repair and resist infections in older women. In addition to paying attention to lifestyle adjustments, menopausal women can be properly supplemented with low-dose estrogen under the guidance of a specialist.
5. Urethral caruncle, which occurs mostly in middle-aged and old-aged patients, is related to long-term inflammatory *** and postmenopausal women's low ability to repair the urinary epithelial tissues, and a small number of patients can be transformed into malignant urinary tract tumors.
6. bladder or urethral *** fistula, the occurrence of most of the disease and the incorrect mode of delivery, the patient is very painful, long-term urine involuntarily from *** out, often seriously affecting the work and normal life, often leading to the breakup of family relations, is the harm to the majority of working women of the invisible devil.
2. What are the urological examinations
Urine examination: Don't look at it just a bubble of urine, in fact, it reveals a lot of information; for example, the urine specific gravity, you can learn whether the patient's body water is deficient; and urine acid alkaline value is very important for the prevention of stone patients to recur stones.
In addition, the presence of sugar and protein in the urine can also be detected by urinalysis, and the presence of protein in the urine may indicate inflammation of the kidneys, nephrotic syndrome, or other diseases. The urology department is more concerned about whether the urine contains more than the normal number of white blood cells and red blood cells, because too many white blood cells in the urine indicates inflammation, as for the increase in red blood cells, it may indicate that there is inflammation, and there is hematuria; in addition, it may also indicate that there is stone formation, in the process of stone discharging caused by hematuria; the most worrying thing is that hematuria may also indicate that there is a tumor in the urinary system, especially no symptoms of hematuria. If the patient is over 50 years old and the hematuria is still present after medication, it is important to think about whether there is a tumor in the kidney or bladder.
Abdominal x-ray is also very useful clinically to see the size, shape, and appearance of the kidneys on both sides, or if there are abnormal calcified spots. In addition, an abdominal x-ray can also show if the intestines are inflated, if the liver and spleen are enlarged, etc., and if the skeletal system is normal, for example, if there are any bone spurs, fractures or joints, spondylolisthesis, or scoliosis.
Ultrasound When urine tests and abdominal X-rays reveal something, in order to further evaluate it or to learn more about it, the next test is probably an ultrasound, which is a non-invasive and relatively short examination of the urinary system. The main subjects of ultrasound are: kidneys, ureters, bladder, prostate, scrotum.
Intravenous pyelography Another common urological test is called intravenous pyelography, which is an intravenous injection of a contrast agent that travels through the kidneys with the bloodstream to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, and can reveal a lot of information through this test. In particular, for patients with stones, whether or not the stones are causing fluid retention in the kidneys, fluid retention in the ureters, the size and location of the stones, and the associated anatomy, will all affect the way they are treated.
Cystoscopy A cystoscopy can look at the bladder, ureteral orifice, and in men, the prostate and urethra. If there is a tumor in the vesicourethra or the urethra, x-ray and ultrasound can not tell you whether it is benign or malignant, then cystoscopy and urethroscopy can look at the appearance of the tumor with the naked eye, and then do a biopsy to get the most correct diagnosis.
3. What is included in urology
Urology, the main treatment scope are: all kinds of urinary stones and complex kidney stones; kidney and bladder tumors; prostate hyperplasia and prostatitis; testicular epididymis inflammation and tumors; testicular spermatic cord sheath effusion; all kinds of urological injuries; urological congenital anomalies such as hypospadias, cryptorchidism, pelvic-ureteral joints stenosis resulting in hydronephrosis and so on. It is a good idea to have an appointment with a doctor to discuss the matter.
2, chronic cystitis: experts pointed out that this disease is secondary to other diseases of the genitourinary system, therefore, in addition to the general diagnostic examination of the body, the most important thing is to identify the type of causative organisms and drug susceptibility test results, looking for causes of persistent or recurrent infection. Of course, there are several other tests for cystitis.
3, urography: chronic cystitis manifests itself in a reduced bladder volume, bladder edge rough or irregular. And these can be accurately detected by urography.
4. Gender: Female Age: 30 Area: Foshan Foshan First People's Hospital has a urology department
Foshan First People's Hospital Department of Urology was formed in the early 80's, the existing programmed beds 50.
It is the city's most powerful medical and technical personnel team specialized in urology. Foshan First People's Hospital urology specialty outpatient number of more than 3,000 visits / month, annual hospitalization of 1300 specialized patients / year, the number of more than 1,200 operations / year; endoscopic surgery of nearly 1,000 / year, the number of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy reached 110 visits / month. With a series of international new, advanced and complete specialized equipment; carried out transrectal B ultrasound, transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate puncture biopsy, urodynamic examination, cystoscopy ureteroscopy and other specialized examinations.
The Department of Urology of the First People's Hospital of Foshan City carries out a large number of complex specialized surgeries: such as adrenal pheochromocytoma resection; radical nephrectomy + inferior vena cava incision to remove the cancer embolus; ureteral bladder tumors radical surgery; total cystectomy plus controllable bladder surgery; *** Cancer, testicular cancer radical surgery; the entire urogenital anomalies plastic surgery (renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, congenital hypospadias, cryptorchidism, gender anomalies, testicular malformations, and so on). , hermaphroditism, testicular hydrocele); total urinary tract complex stone surgery; open surgical removal of prostate surgery, vasectomy; allogeneic kidney transplantation....