Prosecutors can submit electronic evidence such as contract, rights protection process and service process details online through the online appeal portal, and the chain nodes such as notary office, judicial expertise center, CA/RA institution, court and Ant Financial Service witness and endorse, providing one-stop service for prosecutors. The judicial chain has greatly reduced the cost of offline evidence storage and evidence collection, improved the efficiency of the judgment process, and enabled many cases that were not worth prosecution because of the high cost of rights protection to achieve better rights protection through the blockchain; The judicial chain solves the problem of inefficient judicial service, realizes the integration and sharing of judicial data, and breaks the data island; The judicial chain promotes the construction of social credit system, reduces the judicial cost, takes technology as the engine, promotes innovation and development, and leads the transformation, upgrading and burden reduction of judicial services.
Based on the analysis of the White Paper on the Application of Blockchain Judicial Deposit, a trusted blockchain promotion plan, with the rapid advancement of informatization, a large amount of evidence in litigation is presented in the form of electronic data, and the specific forms of electronic evidence in judicial practice are increasingly diversified, and the frequency and data volume of electronic data deposit are significantly increased. Different types of electronic evidence are formed in different ways, but they are generally characterized by easy elimination, easy tampering and strong technical dependence. Compared with traditional material evidence, it is more difficult to identify the authenticity, legality and relevance of electronic evidence through judicial review.
In judicial practice, the parties generally lack the ability to provide evidence, and the quality of electronic evidence provided to the court is poor. There are many problems, such as improper evidence collection procedures, incomplete evidence and poor guidance to the facts of the case, which directly affect the acceptance ratio of electronic evidence in litigation.
The traditional way of storing electronic evidence is essentially a centralized way of storing evidence, which is easy to cause the loss of stored evidence or promote cancer.
At the same time, electronic data depends on electronic media storage. For storage security, it is often necessary to use multiple backups, and the service life of electronic media is long, which makes the storage cost higher.
(2) the problem of obtaining evidence
At present, when some locally generated electronic data are collected and collected, the originals are all left in the equipment that intelligently generates electronic data, and the original evidence and the equipment are inseparable. Once the original evidence leaves the equipment, it becomes a copy and cannot be used as the basis for finalizing the case. This has led to many restrictions on litigation cases.
In addition, whether the so-called original is true, original and complete at the time of occurrence, Internet software service providers can't give an exact answer, and it is doubtful whether the evidence taken belongs to the original.
(3) Problems in the evidence.
The display and fixation of electronic data is an important link in data use. Because the existing form of electronic data is electronic information stored in electronic hardware, it is necessary to use responsive software to read and display its contents, which brings difficulties to proof, and may also increase the burden of proof of the parties and waste social judicial resources because of the need for notarization.
(4) Problems in proof
In the lawsuit, both parties will submit their own electronic data as evidence. When both parties control their own data, the evidence submitted by both parties is easy to be inconsistent or even contradictory. In the absence of other supporting evidence, it is very difficult to determine the authenticity of the evidence, and the electronic data submitted by both parties cannot be used as the basis for finalizing the case. In this case, it is impossible to judge the facts of the case, and the judge is likely to rely on the distribution of the burden of proof to decide the case. The general principle of burden of proof distribution is that whoever advocates giving evidence will bear the consequences of losing the case. Then, in this case, the party who actively falsifies his own data can make a profit under this arrangement of burden of proof.
(V) Problems in the identification of evidence
It is one of the most important and universal judicial principles in the world that all evidence "must be verified before it can be used as the basis for deciding a case". The identification of evidence is usually a process of identifying the "three characteristics" of evidence, that is, the authenticity, legitimacy and relevance of evidence. Electronic data as evidence also needs to be judged by "three natures". Because of the large amount of data, strong real-time data, high storage cost and difficult identification of original documents, it is still difficult to identify the "three characteristics" of evidence. Electronic data are often difficult to identify and cannot support cases, which has caused great pressure on both judges and parties.
Li Zhiguo, the person in charge of the judicial depository products of Ant Financial, shared the theme of "Exploration of Ant Blockchain in the field of judicial depository" and thought that the key word of the Internet industry in the past 20 years was connection. In the era of PC Internet, terminals are interconnected through PCs. At that time, enterprises that found this trend seized such huge business opportunities as portals and search engines. In 20 13 years, we entered the era of mobile internet. In this era, many intelligent terminals and personal devices are connected through the mobile Internet, and the number of terminal devices and online time have been greatly improved. People who seize the opportunity at this stage have created super applications such as Weibo, WeChat and Alipay. At present, a very important change is that with the continuous expansion of connection changes, the connection quality has also changed greatly, which is the so-called second curve. The original connection object is information, and now it is likely to become an asset.
So what is the difference between assets and information? There are three main differences.
First, assets are unique and information can be copied indefinitely. In the Internet age, the cost of information transmission can be minimized by copying, but when the object of connection is assets, there is a fatal wound, that is, it cannot be transmitted by copying. After this asset is given to one person, it cannot be given to others.
Second, assets are more fragile and precious than information. Assets are money. In the process of information digitization, it is convenient to put information online, but it is not feasible for assets, because there are real interests behind assets.
The third point: Compared with information, assets require very high security, and they must face many problems, including hackers, competitors' attacks, fraud and so on. These are all problems that need to be solved when linking assets. This is the third difference between assets and information. If there is an asset dispute, it needs to be resolved. In reality, it can be solved by the court, but if it is online, it will be difficult to deal with it.
The three characteristics of assets mentioned above are difficult to solve through the traditional Internet. At the same time, the development of the Internet makes people more and more lazy. If many people could still accept asset connection before 10, it would take a long time, but it is hard for people to accept it now. For example, it takes two to three weeks to mail a contract, and the cost of making a cross-border payment in many traditional institutions is also high. Moreover, compared with the connection mode 20 years ago, it is much more difficult to connect to the Internet at present, because many people find that data becomes very valuable after information is connected. Valuable. What should we do? We can only let value sink, and it will become a deep well of value. The larger the scale, the deeper the value, and at the same time, another problem will be formed, called data island. These problems need to be considered and solved in the judicial chain.
Now, the court is standing on the historical opportunity node and has the opportunity to become the basic component of data generation and connection. There will inevitably be asset disputes, and the court will conduct a full-link audit after the dispute. This is a unique value, the value of the last mile of the Internet. By connecting assets and breaking data islands and deep wells, this is the real value completion. This model actually belongs to small and medium-sized enterprises, including individual users. This is the value basis of the judicial chain.
If there are valuable islands and need to be connected, there must be various connection methods. There are four main connection methods.
The first is that there is no connection in the bank safe;
The second way is bad connection, that is, through the leading and inequality of technology, the ownership of data assets is deprived by hacking technology. When there is no legal connection, bad connection must exist;
The third connection looks like a good connection, but it is actually a fragile connection. There are many connection methods now. When the market situation is relatively good and the bubble is relatively large, there is a certain market, but once it meets real value, it will collapse.
The fourth is the judicial chain, which can be summarized by the word 15, that is, the whole process is recorded, the whole link is credible, and the whole node witnesses.
How can the judicial chain achieve technical credibility and system credibility with low cost?
First of all, the first problem is that assets are fragile, so we should be able to have the basic characteristics of real security when connecting assets. Security includes privacy protection, which is not a simple matter. On the first day of Alipay's birth, it solved the authenticity of previous transactions between buyers and sellers from the secured transactions. Later, based on Alipay, sesame credit was put forward, and many people have sesame credit points. Through the previous credit records, it provides users with a reference in big data and artificial intelligence, which makes real security go further. Then there is the blockchain, which provides a very important ability, that is, authenticity cannot be tampered with, making trust a big step forward in the level of authenticity and security. Therefore, the first problem solved by the judicial chain is to ensure that the bottom connector is true and safe when making the corresponding connection of assets. This kind of real security is not spoken, nor is it the technology in the laboratory, but it has been recognized by users, tested by the market and tested by large-scale business volume.
The second question is very crucial. When people are connected through a real and secure connector, once data assets are infringed, how to deal with disputes? In the past two years, the blockchain judicial community has been working hard in this direction. By pulling the notary office, the judicial expertise center and the court into the bottom of the judicial chain, the data will be identified accordingly to ensure that once the data assets have disputes, they can be handled fairly and effectively. This is a very powerful system, which is also the fundamental reason why the judicial chain is the only thrill to solve the last mile problem of the Internet. So far, the judicial chain has ensured the credibility of technology and system.
The third problem is that in the interconnection of assets, the cost of connection should not be too high. Users have developed the habit of getting countless information by clicking the mouse and search button. Blockchain has been on fire for many years, but so far there are less than 20 million real users. The reason for the low daily life is that it is too difficult to use and the use cost is too high. Therefore, when connecting assets, it must be very simple, very easy to use and low in cost. Just as Alipay began to do real-name authentication, it can quickly complete the payment of users through face scanning, and the security level is very high. So the real connector should have the characteristics of low cost and high application.
The judicial chain has achieved technical credibility and institutional credibility, and the connection cost is not high, which has opened a new era of blockchain for asset connection.
The judicial blockchain of Hangzhou Internet Court makes the whole process of generation, storage, dissemination and use of electronic data credible. Through the overall architecture, we can solve the problem of the generation, storage, dissemination and use of electronic data in the whole life cycle on the Internet, especially the credibility of the whole process of the generator.
The blockchain consists of three layers:
1), the first is the blockchain plan, through which users can directly record the whole process of business activities in the blockchain, such as online submission of electronic contracts, rights protection processes, service process details and other electronic evidence;
2) The second is the full link capability layer of the blockchain, which mainly provides real-name authentication, electronic signature, time stamp, data storage and reliable services for the whole process of the blockchain;
3), the third layer is the judicial alliance layer, which uses blockchain technology to connect notary offices, CA/RA institutions, judicial expertise centers and courts, and each unit becomes a node in the chain.
On the other hand, the electronic evidence platform on the judicial chain of Hangzhou Internet Court directly establishes a special data channel between evidence and trial, which makes the collection, fixation, transmission and application of evidence more convenient and efficient.
In the past, when I went to the Internet court to file a lawsuit, I submitted the evidence electronically, and then uploaded it to the "Hangzhou Internet Court Litigation Platform" (www.netcourt.gov.cn). For example, notarized documents are generally scanned and uploaded. Today's online electronic evidence platform has a long "tentacle" at the beginning, which can seamlessly connect with other electronic data, such as notary offices. Then notarized documents can be uploaded to the electronic evidence platform with one click and directly used as litigation evidence. For example, in a transaction dispute case involving e-commerce platforms such as Taobao and JD.COM, mutual fund platforms and wealth management platforms, third-party data service providers (such as operators' platforms, electronic signing platforms and depository institutions' platforms) can also directly transmit electronic data to the electronic evidence platform, which effectively solves the difficulty for the parties to collect electronic data evidence by themselves and greatly saves the economic and energy costs of giving evidence and cross-examination in court.
What used to be only scanned or typed "electronic evidence" has really turned into "electronic evidence". Through the third-party depository platform, the curse that "electronic data" is easy to be lost and tampered with is broken, and the only "data ID card" that cannot be tampered with is formed, and it is synchronously backed up to the electronic evidence platform in real time. After entering the litigation procedure, the "data ID card" saved on the electronic evidence platform will be automatically compared with the original electronic data to determine whether the electronic evidence has been tampered with in the later stage, thus ensuring the authenticity of the electronic evidence.
These electronic data have coded ID cards and become the "elements" of each case. The platform classifies these elements and then matches them with each case. In this way, the system automatically matches the elements, that is, electronic evidence is introduced into each case, forming a system without automatic filing by judges. We can imagine that the speed of filing a case will soon be dozens or hundreds a minute.
Finally, when these evidences become electronic data and are stored on the platform, other relevant institutions (such as other people's courts, judicial authentication institutions, notarization institutions and filing institutions) can obtain relevant evidences from the platform according to procedures except Hangzhou Internet Court, and resource data sharing will also be realized.
Taking the data storage platform of Shanghai Pudong Notary Office as an example, this paper introduces the complete closed-loop process from data protection platform to judicial proceedings.
1, registered business platform and real-name authentication.
A design company of enterprise A opens the data storage platform page of Shanghai Pudong Notary Office, and completes real-name identity authentication after registration.
2, the original data warehousing certificate
When a design company completes the design of a work, after the original work data is filed, it initiates a remote deposit and call interface through its own business system, and calls the RESTful API of the notary office data deposit platform to complete the deposit of the design work file HASH and related elements. The deposit certificate will also be sent to the judicial blockchain, Pudong Notary Chain and China Time Service Center. After all the success, you will get a certificate of deposit with the corresponding LOGO logo. Hash fingerprint data of works files with the same chain and platform show the effectiveness and non-tampering of this storage.
5. Log in to Hangzhou Mutual Hospital to complain and verify the legality of the evidence.
Judicial chain is a concrete application case of BaaS, an ant blockchain. BaaS(Blockchain as a Service) is an open "blockchain as a service" platform, based on Ant Financial Alliance and Alibaba Cloud's blockchain technology. It takes blockchain as the output of cloud services, supports many business scenarios and upstream data traffic, and is the foundation of blockchain solutions in the industry. The ant blockchain BaaS is committed to building an open and collaborative platform to provide convenient services for enterprises and individuals around the world.
The above picture shows the product schematic diagram of the ant blockchain, in which the technical architecture of BaaS is mainly divided into three layers:
1, with BaaS core at the bottom.
The core layer of BaaS is based on the cloud resource management platform, which provides flexible support for hosts and containers and realizes convenient operation and deployment across platforms. Providing corresponding hardware services for trusted hardware, namely, Alibaba Cloud-based Shenlong Server, can provide a trusted execution environment with high reliability and high privacy protection. In addition to the deposit platform and smart contract platform, heterogeneous chain cross-chain services will be launched on the basis of homogeneous chain cross-chain services. At present, single chain or chain has its own limitations in the market. In the future, cross-chain technology will become a very important part of building trust infrastructure and mutual trust ecology. At present, BaaS platform has realized internal interconnection through cross-chain services, and can also access trusted data sources on the external Internet through smart contracts and cross-chain services. In addition, BaaS Core has corresponding functions and support for other basic capabilities, such as alliance management, security and privacy, certificate and key management. While providing the self-developed ant blockchain system, the BaaS platform also supports open source systems to better meet the diverse needs of customers, including Quorum and Hyperledger Fabric of Enterprise Ethereum.
2. The upper floor is BaaS Plus.
BaaS Plus layer encapsulates and serves the underlying services and functions, and opens it as a standardized interface for partners to access and use. This can greatly reduce the investment of customers in basic resources, and at the same time significantly shorten the time-consuming access to services. Up to now, the platform has launched trusted depository, universal traceability, real person authentication, enterprise authentication and other services, and more services will be gradually launched in the future.
3. The top level is the BaaS market and solutions.
Many partners of ants can provide their abilities in the market. At the same time, the practical application in different scenarios will precipitate a set of standard application solution templates, which is convenient for customers to learn from the platform capabilities of other similar scenarios in their own applications. The data storage platform of Pudong notary office can become a member of BaaS Marketplace.
1, account system
All transactions in the ant blockchain are carried out around the account system. Therefore, before sending and executing the transaction, you need to ensure that you have created the corresponding account in the ant blockchain, and then you can use the created account to submit the transaction, and you can also modify the related account configuration based on the account structure.
Specific account data structure model fields and descriptions are as follows:
Among them, the account contains three types of keys:
Ant blockchain is realized by decoupling account number and key, which prevents the security risks such as data loss on the chain caused by key loss to some extent. The main account operations supported by the ant blockchain include:
2. Privacy protection
Ant blockchain supports the privacy protection ability of sensitive data of account information by introducing some characteristics of cryptography, and realizes the encrypted storage and addition and subtraction of the amount in smart contracts by expanding the related instruction function at the level of smart contracts. Only individuals with valid keys can decrypt sensitive data in smart contracts and view the original amount information.
At present, the cryptographic characteristics of ant blockchain include zero-knowledge proof, that is, the legal proof of transfer amount under the condition of encrypted ciphertext is realized by introducing zero-knowledge proof.
3. Cross-chain service
Ant blockchain cross-chain service is an on-chain data service for smart contracts. This service deploys cross-chain service contract/chain code in the customer blockchain environment, and provides API interface for users to call the contract/chain code. Cross-link service currently provides account book data access and contract message push services and their corresponding API interfaces. The account book data access service can help users intelligently sign up for data on other blockchain account books, including but not limited to block headers, complete blocks, transactions, etc. Contract message push service can help intelligent contracts on different blockchains that deploy cross-chain data services to communicate messages, and meet the scenario of cross-chain business association processing.
On May 22nd, 20 19, Shanghai No.1 Intermediate People's Court, Hangzhou Internet Court, Hefei Intermediate People's Court, Suzhou Intermediate People's Court and Wuhu, Anhui Province signed a letter of intent for cooperation. Based on the judicial blockchain platform of Hangzhou Internet Court, the four places will communicate with each other, build a judicial chain in the Yangtze River Delta, and create a "full process record, full link credibility and full node witness". At the meeting, it was introduced that the judicial blockchain operation mechanism of Hangzhou Internet Court is becoming more and more mature, with 390 million pieces of electronic data collected, and the withdrawal rate of related cases is over 96%, which has played an important role in intellectual property protection, financial risk prevention, agricultural product traceability and credit system construction.
The technology provider of the judicial chain of Hangzhou Internet Court is Ant Financial Blockchain, which has the world's leading core patent technology, 20,000 TPS high-performance certificate storage capacity, extremely high privacy protection capability and top-level security prevention and control capability, and escorts the judicial chain. Its ant blockchain trust deposit platform supports third-party access to the judicial chain.
Specifically, for example, the judicial chain has greatly enhanced the effect of user rights protection. For example, in China, the protection of copyright is very backward. For example, only 5% of the pictures are genuine, and the rest are pirated. However, it takes eight months from filing a case to trial, and the compensation obtained is only 500-600 yuan, but the time cost and economic cost far exceed the compensation amount. However, the emergence of the judicial chain can reduce the cost of rights protection by one or two orders of magnitude. Secondly, the judicial chain can enhance the brand trust. On the one hand, it enables enterprises to stand with the judicial chain and the brands and platforms recognized by the government. On the other hand, it enables enterprises to tell users their own business models clearly and transparently through trust connection, which gives users a very strong sense of trust. Entrepreneurs, in particular, can have huge traffic in the early days. Finally, the judicial chain has solved the problem of the last mile of the Internet and greatly reduced the user's use cost. Therefore, using the model of judicial chain really upgrades the traditional business model to a credible business model.
Writer Wang introduced:
Copyright chain/notarization chain project CTO of Hangzhou Shenshen Technology Company.
Shanghai partner of HiBlock technology community,
Focus on the "blockchain+"industry landing and implementation plan, and hope to preach blockchain with industry practitioners.