High school geography must memorize the test base
Thematic maps of the first unit
The law of longitude progression: increase to the east degrees, east longitude, west degrees increase west longitude.
2. The progression of latitude: increasing degrees to the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, increasing degrees to the south south latitude.
3. Latitudinal veil: the shape and length of circles parallel to each other, the equator is the longest circle of latitude, thus gradually shortening the magnetic poles.
4. Warp: The shape and length of the warp: All the warp threads intersect in a semicircle of equal length at the north and south poles.
5. Things to judge: increase the direction of longitude along the rotation, decrease the longitude.
6. Judgment of north-south latitude: increase degrees, north latitude, increase to south-south latitude.
7. Division of the East and West hemispheres: 20 ° W eastward to 160 ° E ? 160 ° E for the Eastern Hemisphere, 20 ° W west of the Western Hemisphere.
8. east-west direction judgment: inferior arc method (for example, 80 ° E to 1 ° E for 170 ° W to the west)
The size of the scale and icons: map pictures, the scale is larger, the smaller the range indicates that the scale is smaller the larger the range represents.
10. Determine the direction on the map: in general, "south down to the north, left west, right east"; beacons on the map, pointing arrows pointing to the north of the subject;
latitude and longitude maps, the longitudinal lines indicate that the north north-south direction, and the latitudinal lines indicate east-west direction.
11. density of contours: the greater the density of the contours in the same map, the steeper the slope, the denser the isobars, the windier the isotherms are denser, and the greater the temperature difference
12. convex terrain contours: contours with prominent valleys at the top, and prominent low ridges.
13. convex contours river contours protruding flow in opposite directions and rivers.
14. isotherms convex and current: isotherms protruding in the same direction and flowing current.
Unit 2 Topic of Earth's Motion
Categories of celestial bodies: nebulae, stars, meteors, comets, planets, satellites, gases of interstellar space, dust and others.
2, Levels of celestial systems: total star systems - galaxies (extragalactic galaxies) - solar system - Earth - lunar system
Characteristics: giant planets similar to the Earth's planets (water, gold and fire) (wood and earth), giant planets, aphelion (heavenly sea).
4, Moon: (1) The front of the Moon is always towards the Earth, day and night changes.
(2) There is no atmosphere, so the temperature difference on the surface of the moon days, nights, craters, there is no sound, no wind,
(3) The surface of the moon has mountains, plains (Maria), on the craters.
5, life on Earth exists in a stable light conditions, safe cosmic environment, the right atmosphere and temperature, liquid water.
6, the external structure of the Sun and its corresponding solar activity: photosphere (sphere of darkness), chromosphere (flares), corona (solar wind).
7, Solar Activity - Blacks (sign), Flares (most intense), Variation in 11 year cycle of sunspots.
8. Effects of solar activity: black spots - affect the climate flares - ionosphere - radio communication, streams of charged particles - magnetic fields - magnetic storms
9. Solar Radiation: ① Maintains the temperature of the surface, contributes to the main driving force on the Earth, the atmosphere, biological activity and changes in the water.
②Solar energy is our daily work? s daily use of energy.
10. counterclockwise direction of rotation: clockwise from west to east, the North Pole, over the South Pole
Speed: (1) linear velocity (from the equator to the poles decreases to 0) (2) angular velocity (except for the pole is 0, which is approximately equal to the)
Period: (23h56m4s actual period) (2) (1) sidereal day Sun Day (24 hours, the day and the night change week)
Importance: ① day day and night alternation ② different longitude ③ moving objects (north right left south)
11, twilight line: along the direction of rotation of the night to day transition early line, every night transition faint line (level offset twilight line sun altitude angle of 0 degrees).
12, twilight line and meridian: twilight line of twilight line of twilight and meridian ---- summer solstice line and meridian overlap ----- spring and autumn minutes; inclination of the largest, winter solstice
13 time calculations: Seek the time = known time ± the difference of the zone + the way
14, area = longitude / 15 ° (if you can not round off the rounding) the difference of the zone, the difference of the time zone
15 of the world: the time of the prime meridian (0°) is standardized, also known as Greenwich Mean Time, but also area? Initial area.
16 Division of the day: zero east longitude to the day boundary (180 °) west to Sunday on the Earth boundaries "today", "yesterday".
17 Day Boundary: the date minus one day plus one day from west to east across the day boundary, from east to west across the date (not quite after the 180 ° meridian).
Month 18, the choice of satellite launch base location:
Natural factors (① weather conditions require the initial speed of the weather is good, (2) the rotation of the Earth: according to the latitude and terrain ③ terrain is flat and wide);
Man-made factors (a sparsely populated area, easy access to transportation, the need for national defense and national security in line).
①Taiyuan: strong technical force; ② Jiuquan: continental climate, sunny; ③ Xichang low latitude, the initial speed of the launch;
④ Wenchang, Hainan: low latitude, the initial speed of the launch, and easy access to sea transportation. - day and night and changes in the height of the sun at noon - the four seasons
The existence of the angle of intersection of yellow and red - moving point of direct sunlight - moving barometric pressure with the length of the wind seasons -
② formation of the Mediterranean climate, savannah climate of the five zones of the temperate zone boundaries: north and south of the northern tropics between the Tropic of Capricorn and the tropics, the tropic of Capricorn and the polar circle between the poles of the polar circle between the poles of the north
③ red, yellow, large angle, the tropical and cold zones. Yellow, the angle is large, the tropics and frigid, temperate become smaller; the angle between yellow and red is small, the tropics and frigid, temperate larger
The angle of intersection of yellow and red is zero, the solar equator is never direct, the same Mediterranean climate at night of the World Day, savannah climate disappeared.
21, the change in the height of the sun at noon: ① decrease
② the height of the sun at noon = 90 ° - △ (direct point and point of latitude interval) of the north and south of the direct point of the calculation of the two sides
③ north of the Tropic of Cancer in the region of the summer solstice midday elevation angle of the year the highest, the lowest value of the southern hemisphere in the year
South of the Tropic of Cancer, the ? The winter solstice area has the highest annual noon elevation angle and the lowest value in the northern hemisphere year.
Region ④ south of the Tropic of Cancer ----- two direct opportunities - two maxima
⑤ the higher the latitude, the smaller the angle of elevation of the noonday sun, the greater the spacing buildings.
22 day and night, the distribution and length of time:
① Which hemisphere is the point of direct sunlight, hemisphere days are long and nights are short, the northern hemisphere in summer, the day and night point of direct sunlight in the northern hemisphere northern hemisphere short.
② the movement of the Sun's direct point of this hemisphere hemisphere day, it grows, and the northern hemisphere days, the longest June 22 and December 22 in the shortest. The length between the maximum day
③ The maximum of the angle of altitude of the sun at noon of the Tropic of Cancer does not occur on the same day, such as Haikou City.
23, the length of day and night, latitudinal distribution: short
Northern Hemisphere summer half-year day and night, the further north the day (sunrise the earlier the sooner the fall later), such as Beijing & gt; Shanghai & gt; Guangzhou BR / & gt; Northern Hemisphere winter half-year, the day is short and night is long, the more the further south the longer the day (the earlier the sunrise the sooner the fall of a higher version). Such as Haikou, Guangzhou>
24, Shanghai, the length of the day = sunset time - sunrise time, day = 24 hours - night length.
Sunrise time = 12:00 - day length / 2 (or length of night: 0:00 + / 2), sunrise time is 6:00
Sunset time = 12:00 + day length / 2 (or 24:00 - night length / 2) at the equator at the equinox point Sunset time is 18:00
25, The Earth is a non-luminous and opaque sphere - daytime and nighttime Phenomena
Sphere - changes in the rotation of the Earth day and night (rotational speed cycle changes in temperature difference between day and night)
Tilting the Earth around the moving sphere - changes in the altitude of the Sun at noon at the point of directness, the length of the day and night - four seasons and five belts
26 Typical Seasonal Phenomena
Geographic Phenomena Time Seasons
Northern Hemisphere summer half year Earth Northern Hemisphere winter biannual
Early July, near the aphelion, the Earth's angular velocity, linear velocity slowest early in the month, near the perihelion, the Earth's angular velocity, linear velocity fastest north of the Tropic of Cancer up to
Noon solar altitude around June 22, the equator and the southern hemisphere around December 22 to reach the minimum, the region south of the Tropic of Cancer up to the equator and the northern hemisphere in the Tropic of Capricorn, to reach a minimum of Indian Ocean currents of the southwest monsoon and ocean currents flow clockwise by the influence of the northeast monsoon, counterclockwise flow of currents
Precipitation summer Li winds, precipitation and winter winds Li, less precipitation
Our rivers flow rivers due to the high temperatures leading to more glacial meltwater outflow of the rivers in the summer monsoon, most of the rivers into the rainy season, Northeast China sub-spring floods summer floods and icing period to enter the dry period, the north of the Qinling Huaihe River rivers, some rivers dry phenomenon
Monsoon in most parts of the country's summer winds from the sea, the winter monsoon in the country subject to high temperatures and rainfall from most parts of the continent, cold and dry
Our country's agricultural production in general high-temperature crop growing season, the crops ripe three kinds of crops from the south to the north, the gradual transition from one to two years, the three kinds of Crops ripe in the northernmost part of the crop in the overwintering period, a lot of water and heat in the southern tropics, the production of counter-seasonal vegetables, fruits and
Meteorological hazards, droughts and floods (drought in northern China, the Yangtze River in the late summer) , torrential rains, typhoons (manifestations: strong winds and heavy rains, storm surges), cold, dust storms, droughts, blizzards
Geological hazards, landslides, landslides, one more thing is better than less< /p>
The atmosphere of the third unit of the topic 1 time, the characteristics of the troposphere: (1) the temperature decreases significantly with height; (2) atmospheric convective movements (12 km), (3) the weather is complex and variable.
2, the characteristics of the stratosphere: (1) the temperature increases with height; (2) the atmosphere is smooth, the main horizontal movement, which is conducive to high-altitude flight.
3, the thermal processes of the atmosphere: solar radiation - terrestrial warming - terrestrial radiation - atmospheric warming - atmospheric (inverse) radiation - atmospheric insulation
4, weakened the role of solar radiation in the atmosphere: absorption, reflection, scattering.
5, solar radiation (light) and weather, terrain: sunny weather, high altitude and thin air, the stronger the light;
The distribution of our solar system is highest on the Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan Basin, is the lowest.
6, the atmospheric insulation effect: strong absorption of long-wave radiation from the ground, the atmosphere inverse radiation heat transfer back to the ground.
7, temperature and daytime weather: cloudy, not high temperature (cloud reflection), cloudy at night, the highest temperature (atmospheric inverse radiation).
8, the vertical distribution of temperature: the temperature of the troposphere decreases with increasing height
9, the horizontal distribution of temperature: ① latitudinal distribution: the higher the latitude, the lower the temperature, the most heat-rich areas of Hainan Island
② sea and land distribution: summer land ocean, winter ocean > land;
③ high temperatures projected to the high latitude isotherms, in contrast, low temperature isotherms are projected low latitudes.
10, the average annual temperature: (1) factors affecting: the thermal properties of land and sea, the moisture status of vegetation, how much cloud computing.
② changes: inland coastal, continental climate & gt; oceanic climate, bare land & gt; grassland & gt; woodland & gt; lakes, sunny & gt; cloudy.
11, Properties of thermal cycle characteristics
(1) Standard direction of adjacent geothermal - Vertical air currents rise - Low pressure (cyclone) - Rainy season
(2) Horizontal direction of adjacent surfaces cold places - Vertical air currents sink - High pressure (anticyclone) - Sunny
(3) Vertical distribution of temperature, pressure: with the increase in elevation, although the temperature decreases, the air becomes thinner and the air pressure decreases.
(4) Air currents from low latitudes - warm, moist air flow (5) From high latitudes - cold and dry
(6) (7) Air currents from the oceans - Wet continental air currents (two properties off the land winds) - dry
(8) Encounter of different air currents - frontal lobe - rainy season, winds
12, horizontal direction of air pressure and temperature: near the surface of the rise in temperature, air expansion, ground formation. High temperatures, the air expands, the ground forms a low pressure, and conversely, low temperatures, the contraction of air near the surface sinks the ground forms a high pressure.
13. wind formation: the horizontal movement of the atmosphere is called wind. Horizontal air pressure gradient force is the formation of wind, wind isobar dense direct cause.
14, wind direction: (1) wind - wind to come;
(2) according to the distribution of isobars to determine the direction of the wind: for example, the wind direction of the painting and the force of point A
① Determination of the direction of the horizontal barometric pressure gradient force: the vertical line and the point of the pressure from the high pressure to the low pressure
② Determination of the direction of the turning force is perpendicular to the direction of the wind to the north hemisphere tends to be the right of the left of the southern hemisphere.
③ near the ground friction (the direction of the wind is opposite), the wind direction and isobar diagonal
15 into the angle, the upper atmosphere wind direction of the barometric pressure gradient force and the geostrophic bias force of the *** with the role of the wind parallel to the isobar;
near the maximum wind surface barometric pressure gradient force, Koch's force and friction between the *** with the impact of the wind direction and the isobar.
16, frontal with different weather (cold, warm air quality level movement to meet)
① Cold fronts transit the rainy area after the front rain, snow, cool weather. After the transit, the air pressure rises, the temperature drops, and the weather turns sunny,
② Warm front of the frontal lobe of continuous precipitation rain. After the transit, the temperature rises, the barometric pressure falls, and the weather clears.
On the 17th of January, the main aspects of the weather affecting us are cold fronts: summer rainstorms in northern China, cold snaps in winter, and dusty weather in winter and spring.
18, air pressure systems and weather (vertical movement of air mass):
1 cyclone (low pressure) vertical air currents rise, the weather rainy. ② anticyclone (high pressure) vertical air flow down, the weather is sunny;
19, the circulation of the three wind belts and air pressure:
① three circulation vertical distribution
drawn on the right side of the meridional circulation loop map
② barometric pressure zones, the wind zones (horizontal distribution)
drawn on the right side of the map of the barometric pressure and the wind
(North - South write) wave")
③ the Great Wall Research Station red flag northwest of the floating window to avoid the southeast direction;
the Yellow River Research Station red flag southwest of the floating window to avoid the northeast direction
20, Barometric Pressure and Wind Belt Movement: Movement with the Sun's direct sunlight point moving.
Direction of movement: in the Northern Hemisphere usually move northward in summer and southward in winter
21, Monsoon Cycle: Changes in thermal differences between land and sea with the seasons and the center of the Asia-Pacific region:
Summer on the Asian continent of the Asian low pressure in the Pacific Ocean forms the Hawaiian high pressure;
Winter formation of
22, East Asia, South Asia, Monsoon Cyclone: (Right) )
East: four seasons, pleasant climate, southerly winds, northwesterly winds in winter; the main Asian continent of the Asian-Pacific Aleutian depression high pressure formation. The nature of the differences caused by the sea and land heat.
South Asia: in the summer, winter northeasterly wind belt and the seasonal movement of the barotropic belt **** with the role of the formation of the difference in the nature of the sea and land thermal south-westerly winds.
23, droughts and floods, the intensity of the subtropical high pressure of the rain belt movement is closely related.
① Rainbands move
Late spring (May), rainbands south China (Pearl River Basin) (drought in northern China, spring floods in the northeast)
Early summer (6 --- July), the rainbands move to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River - the rainy season (quasi-stationary fronts)
July - August, the rainbands move to the northeast and north China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River "late summer" (anticyclone) <br / month, the sub-high south abdicates, the rainy season ends in the north, and the south enters a second rainy season. As early as the end of the year
② late start of the rainy season in the north, a short rainy season, the rainy season in the south began early end of the long rainy season night,
③ overheating speed, drought, flooding and subtropical high pressure to the north (monsoon), in the north flooding south drought
subtropical high pressure to the north of the speed of the slow (weak) summer monsoon, south flooding and drought in the north.
In China the strength of the summer winds, early retreat in the morning and evening floods and droughts are the root cause of the disaster. 24 climate-forming factors: solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, subsurface, human activity
25, to determine the steps of climate type: (1) determine the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere, (2) to determine the heat (3) to determine the rain type.
①Tropical 4 climate types: the average temperature of each month is 15 degrees above the precipitation is different, different climate types
Tropical rainforest climate (perennial equatorial low pressure, high temperatures, rainfall throughout the year)
Tropical desert climate (sub or trade winds from the land of the year-round high, year-round heat and dryness)
Tropical (South Asia) Monsoon Climate, prevalent in the winter) (northeast winds, dry season, southwestern monsoon in summer, June - September for the rainy season)
Tropical savanna climate (equatorial low pressure shifts to the wet season, when the trade winds shift to the dry season, agricultural activities in the rainy season planting, harvesting in the dry season)
(2) Subtropical climate type: the coldest winter average temperature of the month of 0 degrees or more, there are only two types of global climate: the
Mediterranean climate: except Antarctica o the west coast of the continent, location of the westerly wind belt and the sub-high, mild rainy winters, hot, dry summers
Subtropical monsoon climate: - class northerly winds between the other continents are distributed between latitudes of 30 degrees north and south - 40 - in addition to the oceanic climate, the average temperature of the coldest month of the winter is below 0 ° C.
Temperate climate: the coldest month of the winter mean temperature of 0 ° C or more.
Temperate oceanic climate in cool dry summers - summer winds - hot rainy winters.
③Temperate Climate Type: distributed in the north and south of 40 ° - 60 ° north latitude of the west coast of the continent (Mediterranean climate, high latitude side), year-round control by the westerly winds, mild and rainy all year round
Temperate Monsoon Climate: distributed in the high latitude of 35 - 55 north latitude of the east coast of the continent, subtropical monsoon (side), the influence of winter winds, cold and dry, summer winds, high temperatures and rainfall.
Temperate continental climate: year-round days, annual range, less precipitation, continental air masses controlled by precipitation in the summer.
26, the different characteristics of continental and oceanic climate (analysis of the Northern Hemisphere):
Daily variations in July and annual range of temperatures, the highest monthly average temperature, the lowest temperature occurs in January. The continental climate with low annual precipitation.
Oceanic climate with daily variations and annual ranges, the hottest August, the coldest month day, annual precipitation.
27, the main meteorological hazards: refers to the factors due to the direct result of storms, floods and droughts, typhoons, cold, windy dust (thick) fog, high temperatures, low temperatures and other disasters.
Typhoons, droughts and floods and cold waves
Time of summer and fall in late spring and summer and fall, winter, early spring
Origin Tropical Ocean or paratropical ocean Mongolia, Siberia
Disaster-affected areas in the east coast of China in the country's western desert areas outside the vast areas of Qinghai, Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan
Weather changes and strong winds, heavy rain, storm surges, heavy rain, heavy rain or torrential downpours, strong winds, rain, snow, freezing rain
28, the main atmospheric environmental problems: global warming (greenhouse effect CO2), the depletion of the ozone layer of fluorocarbons (CFCs hydrocarbon consumption O3) and acid rain (SO2, NO2)
Month 29, the greenhouse effect
① combustion of Fossil fuel burning - Increase in atmospheric CO2 - Atmospheric counter-radiation enhancement
② Deforestation - Weakening of photosynthesis - Relative increase in CO2 - Atmospheric counter-radiation enhancement
3) Atmospheric counter-radiation enhancement - Impacts of the greenhouse effect - Increasing temperatures - Changes in the distribution of heat globally - Economic restructuring (adjusting the structure of the agricultural economy, damaging the interests of the mid-latitudes and high latitudes in order to take appropriate geographic narrowing of agricultural production). so as to take appropriate agricultural production geographically narrow food production reduction.)
④ Melting of polar icebergs, rising sea levels in coastal areas, deterioration of groundwater quality in coastal areas.
30, the environmental benefits of greening:
① to maintain the balance, through photosynthesis, the atmosphere of O2 and CO2 purification of the air; can be
② green plants and shelter belts regulate the climate, water conservation, as well as soil and water protection, wind and sand
③ urban green space and smoking dust filtering the air, reduce pollution, reduce Noise, beautification
Unit IV of the water environment
1, water circuits: ① its occurrence field is divided into a large loop between land and sea, land phase-locked loop and the sea inner loop.
②The main parts of the water circuit will be: evaporation, water vapor, sedimentation, and runoff.
3 Its significance lies in the continuous addition, renewal, and regeneration of freshwater resources, maintaining a dynamic balance of global water.
2, the interrelationship between terrestrial water:
① Mainly rain-fed river runoff and runoff consistent with the Mediterranean climate, the river runoff is the largest in the winter; monsoon climate of the main rivers, flow in the summer? Temperate marine tropical rainforest climate, river flow throughout the year with little change; BR /> ② closely related to the snow and ice supplies the main river runoff with temperature: glaciers of the river, its flow in summer.
③ mutual supply of river water and groundwater between lakes, river runoff and storage function.
3, China's river recharge: ① the difference between the eastern rivers of China to precipitation recharge (summer floods and spring ice and snowmelt in the northeast)
② Northwest China's local rivers of ice and snowmelt is mainly (summer flood season and dry in winter)
4, the interpretation of the seawater isothermal: (1) to determine the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere (the north of the colder the northern hemisphere)
② the flow of ocean currents and seawater isotherms projected in the same direction: high temperatures flow low temperatures are warm, and the opposite cold.
5 - solar radiation (income), evaporation (expenditure), ocean currents
The formation of ocean currents: directional winds (with the winds of the Earth) is the formation of ocean currents, the basic factors of dynamics affecting the temperature of seawater winds ocean currents are the most basic type.
7. Distribution of ocean currents (draw a picture in the correct mode of distribution of ocean currents): BR /> ① low and mid-latitude current circle of the northern hemisphere rotating clockwise, in the southern hemisphere is counterclockwise
② northern hemisphere high-latitude counterclockwise current circle
③ southern hemisphere sea formation of 40-60 degrees of the westerly winds drifting
④ the northern Indian Ocean monsoon currents. counterclockwise in winter and clockwise in summer.
8. the geography of ocean currents: (1) (the impact of warm climate - climate warming and humidification, cold currents - desuperheaters do not get wet)
② impact on marine life - fisheries ③ impact on the sea ④ the impact of marine pollution
9. the world of the main fisheries: the Hokkaido, the North Sea, the Newfoundland fisheries - the crossroads of the cold and warmth; the fisheries of Peru - the upwelling
10 marine fisheries concentrated in the continental shelf reasons: ① here the sunlight is concentrated, biological photosynthesis is strong;
② rivers into the sea to bring rich nutrient salts, plankton boom, rich bait.
11. natural disasters of the ocean: tsunami and storm surge ocean origin.
12. human activities in the marine environment, the destruction of marine ecosystems: marine pollution, sea level rise, red tides
Unit 5 of the Earth's environment
Interior Earth Layers Circle: Crust (surface to Moho surface), Mantle (Moho surface - Gutenberg surface), Core (following Gutenberg)
Range of the lithosphere including the crust and upper mantle Top (soft-flow lithosphere
Layers) Genesis: (laminar formations, fossils) magmatic rocks (ejecta and intrusive rocks), sedimentary, and metamorphic.
4, crustal material cycle: magma cooled and solidified - external forces → deposition - metamorphism → metamorphic rocks - melting → magma
5 → magmatism, geological processes: 1 the role of internal forces (crustal movement, magmatism, earthquakes, metamorphism)
② external forces (weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, consolidation of rocks)
6, types of geological structures: Folds (dorsal, oblique), faults (rising rocks - sinking rock barriers - graben)
7, dorsal into a valley to the cause of the mountain: external erosion (before the external erosion of the dorsal into a mountain, to the valley)
The tension of the top of the dorsal, it is easy to erode into the valley; extrusion of the Department of the slipway, they became a rocky, hard, not easy to erosion of the mountain.
8, bases - Mount Lushan, Mount Tai; graben - East African Rift Valley, River Plain and Fen River Basin. <BR / 9, the impact of geological formations on human activities: dorsal slope (oil storage) to the slope (water storage), large-scale projects on the site, should be avoided failure
10. external forces and common landforms: <BR / ① water erosion - gullies, canyons, waterfalls, ravines and gullies on the surface of the Loess Plateau, caves (karst)
Bay - concave bank erosion, convex bank deposition (② water) deposition - alluvial fans in the foothills, estuarine deltas, rivers, intermediate and downstream alluvial plains
3 wind erosion - wind erosion gully erosion depressions, mushrooms, wind erosion should be built on the concave bank)
pillars, wind