Keywords: environmental management, urban living garbage, classified collection, centralized treatment
Urban living garbage (hereinafter referred to as garbage) refers to solid wastes generated by the urban population in their daily life or by providing services for urban daily life, as well as solid wastes that are regarded as urban living garbage as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations (including construction garbage and slag, but excluding industrial solid wastes and hazardous waste). The amount of garbage generated in China has been rising year by year, and in 2001 the amount removed was 118 million tons, of which only 60% was treated and disposed of to varying degrees, with less than one-sixth being harmlessly treated. The problems of recycling and safe disposal of used household appliances, construction waste materials, end-of-life automobiles and used tires are becoming increasingly prominent. Open piling of garbage produces sulphides, ammonia, heavy metals and organic pollutants, breeds pathogenic micro-organisms, mosquitoes, flies and rats, and contaminates the atmosphere, water and soil, seriously endangering the health of humans, animals and plants. Garbage siege and garbage explosion also seriously jeopardize the life and health of residents, life and industrial production. Garbage pollution and air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution has become China's cities urgently need to solve the four major environmental problems.
Environmental management is people's own ideology and behavioral actions conscious self-restraint, in order to achieve harmony between man and nature **** into. China's environmental management of garbage began in the 1980s, in 1986 the State Council forwarded the Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and other departments of the "report on the treatment of urban garbage to improve the appearance of environmental sanitation" has been involved in garbage pollution and prevention and control countermeasures, the official start of the environmental management of garbage. Many cities have implemented a three-tier management system of city, district and street for garbage collection and disposal. As the construction of facilities, collection and treatment of garbage, supervision of operation and macro-management in China are now mainly in the charge of each city's sanitation department, the environmental management of garbage collection and treatment is essentially carried out by the sanitation department and its affiliated garbage collection and treatment units, with the cost of collection and treatment underwritten by the government. The environmental protection department, apart from the implementation of environmental impact assessment and monitoring and supervision of garbage treatment plants, hardly carries out environmental management of garbage collection and treatment. Due to the lack of an effective competition mechanism, supervision mechanism and sufficient collection and treatment costs and personnel, waste collection and treatment units emphasize quantity and give little consideration to the environmental impact aspect. In addition to environmental administrative management, waste environmental management also includes enterprise environmental management and public participation management. China's corporate environmental management of garbage and public participation in environmental management of garbage has not formed a climate, the participation mechanism is very imperfect. 2000, the Ministry of Construction identified Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Xiamen and Guilin and other eight cities for the "classification of domestic garbage collection of pilot cities." By the end of 2001, there were 740 domestic waste treatment plants (yards) in 664 cities nationwide, with an annual capacity of 78.35 million tons. How to implement effective environmental management in the classification collection and centralized treatment has become an urgent urban problem.
1 Environmental management in the separate collection of garbage
1.1 Necessity of environmental management
The implementation of separate collection of garbage in the pilot cities is a major step to improve the environmental management of garbage. Garbage can be roughly divided into three categories, namely, recyclable garbage, food waste and landfill garbage. China's environmental management of garbage to implement the principle of resourcefulness, minimization and harmlessness. Separate collection of garbage not only improves the recycling rate of waste products but also facilitates the separate disposal of hazardous waste. Mixed garbage collection increases the difficulty of garbage resourceization and harmlessness. First of all, mixed garbage collection is easy to mix hazardous wastes such as waste batteries, fluorescent tubes and waste oil, which is not conducive to China's special environmental management of hazardous wastes and increases the difficulty of harmless treatment of garbage. Secondly, China's per capita resources and energy are not very rich, mixed garbage collection causes great waste of resources and energy. Mixed collection of garbage is not conducive to the recovery and recycling of usable materials in garbage, and reduces the value of organic materials that can be used for composting and incineration in terms of resource utilization and energy. Reuse (sorting) after mixed collection is also a waste of human, financial and material resources. Once again, mixed garbage collection may cause serious cross-contamination and secondary pollution. Mixed garbage collection is characterized by low one-time investment and operating costs, as well as low requirements for the quality of personnel and the degree of technical quantity.
In contrast, the separate collection of garbage has the advantage of being conducive to the resourcefulness and harmlessness of garbage, but has the disadvantage of investing more in people, money and materials. Separate garbage collection increases the number of garbage collection facilities and garbage transportation vehicles, requiring more units and individuals to participate in garbage collection, while increasing the difficulty of environmental management. The State has implemented a policy of first piloting and then promoting separate garbage collection, with pilot cities exploring and summarizing legal policies, engineering technologies and management methods, and implementing standardized management of separate collection. When conditions are ripe, separate garbage collection will be implemented nationwide. Pilot cities in the year 2000 the main object of separate recycling work is waste batteries, waste paper and waste plastics.
1.2 Status and Problems of Environmental Management
Pilot cities basically divided garbage into three categories: organic garbage, hazardous substances and recyclable garbage. Shanghai divides garbage into three categories: organic garbage, i.e., garbage that decomposes easily under natural conditions, mainly kitchen garbage; hazardous waste such as dry batteries; and recyclable garbage such as waste paper, plastics and metals. The pilot cities have also adopted the following management measures: (1) Each pilot city has set targets for the separate collection of waste. According to the "Overall Plan for the Separate Collection of Municipal Waste in Shenzhen (2000-2010)" and the "Working Objectives" of the "Plan for the Separate Collection of Municipal Waste in Shenzhen (2000-2010)", which have been evaluated by the experts, the following objectives have been initially set: During the period up to 2010, the municipal waste sorting and recycling center will be constructed in the Qingshuihe Environmental Park, Gross garbage and medical and health care waste treatment center, the implementation of municipal garbage classification collection, classification of transportation and classification of treatment. Among them, in 2005, the rate of urban garbage classification reached 60% and the material recycling rate reached 25%; in 2010, the rate of urban garbage classification reached 90% and the material recycling rate reached 30%. (2) Each pilot city has formulated its own distinctive implementation principles, guiding principles and specific methods for separate collection. For example, Beijing, in conjunction with its bid to host the Olympic Games, has made separate collection an important part of its efforts to build a green Beijing, putting forward the guidelines of "systematic, extensive and orderly", and has implemented the separate collection of waste paper in the city's party and government organizations, enterprises and institutions, and has promoted the use of recycled paper in offices. (3) Each pilot city has set up a classification and collection organization. Nanjing has gradually established a "four-in-one" waste classification and recycling system involving neighborhood cleaners, residents, property management companies and sanitation management departments***. Guangzhou City, with the construction of garbage sorting centers as a leader, has established a three-tier management system of classified collectors in the rooms, districts and streets, and set up a professional transportation team, realizing the classified collection of living garbage from 250,000 households, and so on. (5) Each pilot city has improved the steps of separate collection according to local characteristics. In Guangzhou, residents are first coarsely divided; then transported to the sorting center for subdividing; and finally, according to the composition of various kinds of garbage, they are reused separately. For the use of organic matter can be used in residential areas through microbial organic waste treatment technology, as raw materials for greening on-site "elimination".
Pilot cities have taken a series of environmental management measures, but also face many difficulties and problems. First, the public's awareness of separate collection is not high, and the publicity and education measures taken by the management are short-term, short-term and campaign-style. Secondly, the cost of separate collection and treatment relies on full financial allocation from the government, with a lack of matching funds and a lack of financing channels, especially in terms of utilizing foreign capital. Third, the connection between the main garbage collection bodies is unreasonable, lacking intermediate links, especially in neighborhoods without property management companies. Fourthly, public participation is insufficient, the participation of public welfare environmental protection organizations remains at the stage of publicity and education, and there is a lack of ways to participate in the collection and treatment of garbage classification and its environmental management, and the channels for environmental protection volunteers to play their role are not smooth. Fifth, sanitation departments and cleaning units are accustomed to the traditional way of garbage collection and are not adapted to the requirements of garbage classification and collection, for example, the staff is not able to master the method of garbage classification and collection. Sixth, the efficiency of garbage collection and treatment is low and the technical content is small. The garbage collection and treatment industry is still a labor-intensive industry and lacks a sufficient number of staff with suitable qualities. Seventh, the garbage classification collection and treatment equipment can not adapt to the local characteristics of the garbage classification collection and treatment needs.
1.3 Countermeasures for environmental management of separate garbage collection
Separate garbage collection should adhere to the principle of "harmlessness and resourcefulness", and encourage waste recycling and comprehensive utilization. The environmental management of domestic garbage should start from the source, and gradually transition to the garbage collection enterprises are responsible for the collection of production garbage from communities, neighborhoods and residential houses, avoiding multiple management and multiple charges. Garbage collection and transportation should be airtight to prevent exposure, scattering and dripping. Compressed collection and transportation are encouraged. Eliminate open collection and transportation methods as soon as possible. In conjunction with resource recycling and utilization, separate collection, transportation and treatment of bulky garbage should be strengthened. Should be based on the local economic capacity, social conditions, the status quo of classified collection and the problems arising in practice, and rationalize the arrangement of garbage classification and collection of environmental administrative management, enterprise environmental management and public participation in management measures.
Environmental administrative management mainly includes national environmental management, provincial environmental management and urban environmental management. It is recommended that environmental management policies for separate garbage collection be formulated at the national level. The national environmental management work for the separate collection of urban living garbage mainly includes the formulation of urban living garbage classification methods and standards for nomenclature and terminology, urban living garbage classification and labeling standards, statistical and evaluation indexes for the separate collection of garbage and China's action plan for the separate collection of urban living garbage, as well as the organization of research on urban garbage classification and collection regulations and policies. At the same time, it is necessary to formulate appropriate economic, technological and social policies to strengthen the guidance of provincial environmental management of garbage and urban environmental management. The provincial level focuses on the macro-control and popularization and application of technology for separate garbage collection. It promotes the separate collection of garbage, researches and develops garbage treatment technology suitable for our country, and promotes the industrialization of garbage treatment. The urban environmental management work of separate garbage collection mainly includes the close integration of separate garbage collection and resource recycling. The establishment of sanitation and cleaning units (including institutions and enterprise units) shall be reported to the competent administrative department of construction to review and confirm the qualifications, to the industrial and commercial sector for a business license.
Enterprise environmental management. Airports, railway stations, public **** bus terminal, ports, theaters, museums, exhibition halls, memorial halls, stadiums (fields) and parks and other public **** places, the unit responsible for cleaning and cleaning and classification of garbage collection. Institutions, organizations, troops, enterprises and institutions, should be in accordance with the city people's government departments in charge of cityscape and environmental sanitation division of the health responsibility area responsible for the classification of garbage collection. City marketplace, the competent department is responsible for organizing special cleaning and separate collection of garbage. All kinds of stalls, the practitioners are responsible for the classification of garbage collection. The garbage and feces on all kinds of ships traveling or moored in the urban waters shall be handled by the person in charge of the ship in accordance with the regulations. Waste generated by hospitals, nursing homes, slaughterhouses, and bioproducts factories must be collected and disposed of in accordance with the relevant regulations. The development and construction units, property management units and housing management units of residential districts, buildings and industrial zones must select suitable locations or sites to set up containers, facilities and food waste treatment equipment for the separate collection of domestic garbage. The relevant units and individuals can entrust the garbage classification collection and treatment enterprises to clean and classify the collection, and the garbage classification collection and treatment enterprises charge a certain amount of money, and implement the garbage classification and collection according to the regulations and agreements. A written contract shall be signed for the commissioning of separate collection of garbage, and a copy of the contract shall be submitted to the competent authorities for record. With liquid garbage, the generating unit should be sealed and put, the classified collection unit should be sealed and removed, and shall not cause pollution to the environment.
Public participation in management. Urban residents, units must be in accordance with the location of the environmental health department of the time, place and manner of discharge of domestic garbage, and actively cooperate with the relevant units of classified collection. Only when society has formed a closed "separate collection - reuse - consumption - separate collection" of resource recycling ring, to establish a complete system, separate collection can be durable.
2 Environmental management in centralized garbage disposal
The garbage collected after separate collection and mixed collection should be centralized. The urban people's government should develop the urban living garbage treatment industry and adopt harmless and resourceful disposal methods to centrally dispose of urban living garbage. The construction of centralized garbage disposal facilities has been developed relatively quickly, the key lies in the strong support of national debt funds. The environmental management of centralized garbage disposal faces numerous problems, emphasizing sanitary management and neglecting environmental protection. In addition to environmental impact assessment and environmental monitoring, there are few suitable environmental management methods.
The siting and construction of centralized urban domestic waste disposal facilities and sites must comply with environmental protection standards and urban environmental health standards. It is prohibited to close, idle or dismantle without authorization the urban household garbage disposal facilities and places; if it is necessary to close, idle or dismantle, it must be approved by the administrative department of environmental sanitation and the administrative department of environmental protection of the local people's government at or above the county level of the place where it is situated; the administrative department of environmental sanitation and the administrative department of environmental protection shall make the approval within 30 days from the date of receipt of the approval application. Centralized waste treatment should also be combined with waste reduction, harmless treatment by households themselves, and resource utilization. For example, in Guangzhou, centralized garbage disposal is combined with separate collection, clean vegetables in the city, recycling of packaging containers and garbage power generation.
2.1 Landfill
Landfill is the main way of waste disposal in China at this stage. Most of the landfills are simple landfills, ignoring the environmental management in the treatment. Landfill causes serious secondary pollution such as air pollution and water pollution. Sanitary landfill is the essential final treatment means of waste disposal. Construction of landfills should be implemented three simultaneous system, environmental impact assessment system and environmental monitoring system.
2.2 Composting
Food waste accounts for about 1/3 of the total amount of life. food waste and some other organic waste with scattered, large, difficult to deal with, easy to pollute the environment and other characteristics of the centralized treatment, such as composting, not only reduces the waste pollution, but also make it separate from other waste components, accelerate the classification of waste, and is conducive to the comprehensive treatment of urban living waste. Composting is easy to cause groundwater pollution, the fermentation is not mature composting effect is not ideal. Composting produces a large amount of methane, which may cause an explosion if not handled properly. The composting place should be far away from the underground water source, easy to ventilate.
2.3 Incineration
The cost of incineration is very large, and should not be common in China. Incineration is easy to produce local air pollution. The establishment of waste incineration site should strictly abide by the three simultaneous system, environmental impact assessment system, environmental standards system and environmental monitoring system.
3 Classified collection and centralized treatment of environmental management principles
China's cities are basically supporting the construction of garbage cleaning, collection, storage, transportation and centralized disposal facilities, places, most cities have implemented the centralized disposal of municipal garbage, and a small number of cities are implementing the garbage classification collection system. China's urban living garbage classification collection and centralized disposal in the environmental management principles (1) and source control, generation control, (2) and fee management and other economic incentives, (3) and administrative penalties and (4) improve environmental health management and environmental protection combined.
Blind pursuit of good environmental management of garbage overnight, neither possible nor feasible, but we can take advantage of the implementation of garbage disposal charges and classification and collection of the pilot opportunity to have the economic and ability to try to implement the conditions of the city of garbage from the "cradle" to "grave However, we can take the opportunity of the introduction of charges for garbage disposal and the pilot scheme of separate collection to try to implement a whole-process environmental management of garbage from the "cradle" to the "grave" in cities with the economic and capability conditions. Separate garbage treatment and centralized treatment is a kind of end-control measures, should be combined with source control and generation control.
The government should use economic means and relevant policies to guide enterprises and the public to participate in separate garbage collection and centralized treatment, and integrate and balance the interests of all parties. In accordance with the polluter pays principle, accelerate the improvement of environmental infrastructure use and service fee system, in investment, taxation, land acquisition, employment and labor and other aspects of preferential policies to encourage private capital to participate in environmental infrastructure construction and operation. It is necessary to implement entrepreneurial restructuring of urban environmental infrastructure operating units, so as to achieve the separation of government affairs, government enterprises, and management and operation; break the monopoly of the industry and regional monopoly, open up the market for services, and encourage enterprises of different economic compositions to participate in the operation, so as to improve the efficiency of the use of funds and the efficiency of pollution control. Formulate policies to encourage reduction at source, separate collection and reuse of resources, and stimulate, through administrative and market mechanisms, the external pressure and intrinsic motivation to implement separate collection and treatment of domestic garbage, leading to reduction and resourcing, and obtaining the corresponding economic benefits therefrom. In order to protect the separate collection of urban garbage and resource recycling, a corresponding reasonable and stable waste recycling price and reward and punishment system should be formulated in terms of tax policy to ensure the sustainable development of separate collection of garbage and waste recycling. Establish a separate collection and treatment system for hazardous wastes. Gradually establish a separate system to collect, transport and treat waste batteries, fluorescent tubes, pesticide containers and waste oil.
The separate collection and centralized treatment of garbage is uneconomical, and units and individuals generally do not take the initiative to undertake the obligation of separate collection and centralized treatment of garbage. In cities with the conditions, it is necessary to strengthen environmental management and severely penalize units and individuals who do not implement the system of separate collection and centralized treatment. For residents' domestic garbage, the system of separate garbage collection is implemented by imposing a fine of two to three times the cost paid by residents for separate collection and ordering them to collect separate garbage by a certain date or charging the appropriate fee on behalf of fulfillment. For industrial areas, streets and other public **** place of garbage, place setting unit or the competent authority must set up garbage classification collection facilities, anyone throwing garbage must be put into and must be in accordance with the classification standards or methods of garbage into the garbage classification collection facilities. Fines are imposed on units that violate the regulations, and administrative penalties or administrative sanctions are imposed on individuals who violate the regulations.
The environmental administrative management of garbage should be combined with enterprise management and public participation management in order to form an environmental management system of garbage classification collection and treatment with complementary structures and functions. Municipal people's government to develop waste classification collection and treatment methods, residential neighborhoods, buildings and industrial zones for specific implementation, the major categories of coarse division, food waste in situ green. Classified collection and centralized treatment of urban living garbage should be implemented for the community, open contracting, equal competition, the principle of paid services, encouraging units or individuals to organize classified collection and centralized treatment of specialized service enterprises.
The planning, design, construction, operation and management of sanitary landfills shall be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of the Technical Standards for Sanitary Landfills of Municipal Domestic Waste, the Standards for Pollution Control of Domestic Waste Landfills and the Technical Standards for Environmental Monitoring of Domestic Waste Landfills. The sanitary landfill site is selected scientifically and reasonably in order to help reduce the impact of sanitary landfill on the environment. If the natural conditions of the site meet the requirements of the standards, natural seepage control can be adopted; if the conditions of natural seepage control are not available, artificial seepage control technical measures should be adopted. Should adhere to the landfill environmental impact assessment and environmental monitoring, strengthen the landfill environmental supervision and management.