Prevention and control of occupational diseases in grinding and welding workshop and the use of ventilation and dust removal equipment
(I)? Preface
(II)? About occupational hazards
(III)? Prevention and control of occupational diseases in grinding and welding workshop
1 Macro decision-making measures:
2 Safety education and publicity measures in management:
3 Occupational hazards and protection for electric welders
4 Occupational hazards and protection for machining and grinding
5 Hazard prevention and control engineering and technical measures for workshop design and layout
6 Occupational hazards for Workshop ventilation and dust removal equipment use (installation)
(D)? Conclusion
(I)? Preface
Based on the premise of labor protection, the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases" has been adopted by the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress at its twenty-fourth meeting on October 27, 2001, and promulgated by the Decree of the President of the People's Republic of China No. 60, which came into effect on May 1, 2002, with the definition of occupational diseases being changed from "occupational diseases" to "occupational diseases". One of the definitions of occupational diseases more by the "scope of occupational diseases and occupational disease patients to deal with the provisions of", to determine the current stage of China's 9 major categories * * * 99 kinds of legal occupational diseases list. See note one for details?
Occupational diseases in the broad sense of the term refers to workers in the production of labor and other occupational activities, due to the impact of occupationally harmful factors and diseases. Occupational disease in the narrow sense is the statutory occupational disease. It refers to diseases caused by the influence of occupationally harmful factors on workers, which are stipulated by the state in the form of regulations and confirmed by the state-designated medical institutions.
Therefore the prevention and control of occupational diseases of all types of workers has officially become a developmental goal of all enterprises and organizations without delay
(ii)? Occupational hazardous factors
Occupational hazardous factors
According to the source and nature of grinding welding workshop can be divided into the production process, the labor process and the workplace related to the harmful factors of the three kinds of?
1. Harmful factors in the production process, including:?
(1) chemical factors. At present, the most important occupational hazardous factors that cause occupational diseases are recognized as chemical factors. It includes
(A) productive dust
Productive dust refers to solid particles and mixed dust that can be suspended in the air for a long period of time (e.g. metal grinding dust, alloy processing dust, etc.).
(2) physical factors. Physical occupational hazards mainly include:
(A) productive noise, vibration;
2. Occupational hazards in the labor process.
Mainly including excessive labor time, excessive labor intensity, the arrangement of work is not compatible with the physiological state of the worker, long time engaged in a monotonous action of the work or the body's individual organs and limbs overstrained, etc.?
3. Occupationally harmful factors related to the workplace. Including the following aspects:?
(1) the design of the workplace does not meet the health standards and requirements, the plant is small, plant buildings and workshop layout is unreasonable.?
(2) the lack of necessary health technology facilities, such as the lack of ventilation and air exchange facilities, heating facilities, dust and poison prevention facilities, summer cooling facilities, anti-noise and anti-vibration facilities, anti-radiation facilities, etc.?
(3) safety protection facilities are not perfect, the use of personal protective equipment improper method or protective equipment itself is defective.
(3)? Grinding welding workshop of occupational disease prevention and control
On the grinding welding workshop of the prevention and control of occupational hazards countermeasures:
1 Macro decision-making measures:
1 Strengthening of the legal system of occupational health, constructing a more complete system of labor hygiene laws and regulations
2 Widely carry out occupational health publicity and education, strengthen occupational health training
2 management aspects The safety education and publicity measures:
Generally speaking, the content of workshop and team safety education should include four aspects.
①Safety education through education, to let each worker y realize the importance of production safety, improve "from me" to improve the sense of responsibility and conscientiousness of production safety, really deal with the relationship between safety and production, safety and efficiency, safety and discipline, safety and the environment, safety and behavior. ② Production Safety Knowledge Education Production Safety Knowledge includes: general production technology knowledge, that is, the workshop, the basic production of the class, process flow, equipment performance, the construction of various raw materials and products, performance, quality, specifications; basic safety technology knowledge, and a certain type of workers must have a professional safety technology knowledge, the main content of the type of work, the job safety regulations, standardized operating procedures, accident-prone parts of the workplace, the safety of the workplace, the workplace, the workplace, the workplace, the workplace, the workplace, the workplace, the workplace, the workplace and the workplace. Standardized operating procedures, accident-prone areas, emergency treatment methods, and so on. ③ safety skills education and training in the actual production, only safety knowledge is not enough, we must apply the knowledge learned in practice, and therefore also attaches great importance to the education and training of safety skills. Safety skills are summarized and refined from the actual production process, the educated have to go through their own practice, repeatedly correcting the wrong action, gradually understand and master the correct operation of the essentials, in order to continuously improve the proficiency of safety skills. ④ Safe production experience education Safe production experience is the living education material around the workers, safe production advanced experience is the majority of workers from the practice of groping and summarized the results of safe production, is to prevent accidents, is the safety technology, safety management methods, safety management theory of the basis. Summarizing and promoting advanced experience in a timely manner can not only inspire the units and individuals being publicized and motivate them to keep up their efforts, but also make other units and individuals be educated and inspired, and promote the development of safety production activities of comparison, learning, catching up, helping and surpassing. ⑤ Accident case education The opposite of experience is the lesson, the lesson often pay a painful price, so its educational significance is also very profound. Accident cases are the most persuasive negative teaching materials for safety education, especially the typical accident cases of the same type of work, the same post for education, which can make the workers better establish the idea of safety first, summarize the lessons learned, and formulate preventive measures to prevent similar accidents from happening in the workshop, the team, and the position. The above aspects of safety education are complementary and indispensable. Safety education is not only necessary for the lack of safety knowledge and skills to recognize, with a certain degree of safety knowledge, safety skills, is equally important.3 for the occupational hazards of welding and protection
Special operations of welding, its main occupational hazards are dust, toxic gases, high temperature, arc light, high frequency electromagnetic fields.
1, the main hazards of electric welding operations: is metal fume, toxic gas hazards (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides such as nitrogen dioxide, etc.), the hazards of electric arc light radiation. 2, the protection of occupational hazards of welding operations:One, is to improve welding technology, improve the welding process and materials.
Two, is to improve the ventilation of the work of Chi Chi.
Three, is to strengthen personal protection. Especially welding caused by ultraviolet ophthalmia first aid measures see note two
Four, is to strengthen labor protection publicity and education and on-site tracking and monitoring work.
4 for machining grinding occupational hazards and protection
The main occupational hazards are dust, toxic gases, high temperature, arc light, noise and so on.
For machining grinding, polishing, high-intensity noise equipment management.
I.? Set up acoustic shielding; aerodynamic noise sources should be air intake or exhaust port to take anechoic treatment measures;
Two,? High-intensity noise sources can take set arrangement of anti-noise measures,
three. The set control room post operation room should take sound insulation and absorption treatment measures;
Four. Operators into the noise intensity of more than 85dB (A) workplace, should wear anti-noise earplugs or earmuffs.
V.? Workers should wear dust masks in line with national standards.
VI.? From the work environment safety and hygiene, to take a reasonable arrangement and control of heat sources, supply of heat stroke drinks, rotating operations, as well as to take a set of control room operation room set up air-conditioning and a series of comprehensive preventive measures to do a good job of prevention.
5 for the workshop design and layout of the prevention and control of hazardous engineering and technical measures
A plant workshop design and layout should be in line with the GBZ1-2002 "industrial enterprise design health standards", the workshop air health standards for welding fumes ?GB16194-1996, to prevent occupational hazards of cross-pollution between the various work processes, types of occupational hazards.
1. Dust control engineering and technical measures
(1) to take curative measures and clean production process, reduce the dust point
(2) to improve the control effect of the ventilation system for effective control of the dust source
(3) to eliminate the secondary source of dust, and pay attention to the management of respiratory dust
2. Poison control engineering and technical measures
( (1) reform process, non-toxic, low-toxic materials instead of toxic, highly toxic materials
(2) isolation operation and automatic control, production equipment confinement and the mechanization of the operation
(3) ventilation and detoxification purification
3. Prevention and control of physical hazards of engineering and technical measures
(1) prevention and control of high temperatures
(2) noise prevention and control
(3) prevention and control of dust, dust, dust, dust, dust, dust, dust and dust, dust, dust and dust, dust and dust, dust and dust, dust and dust, dust and dust, dust and dust, dust and dust /p>
(3) electromagnetic radiation protection
(4) laser protection
6 for the use of workshop ventilation and dust removal equipment (installation) refer to the attached figure?
Indoor pollution source→harmful materials escaping into the air→harmful materials escaping speed is offset by the airflow of the hood opening→harmful materials are forced to flow into the hood→harmful materials-containing air advancing along the hood conduit→confluence of other hood conduit airflow→flowing through the air-cleaning device, the harmful materials are filtered, oxidized, neutralized, or decontaminated →filtered gas flows through the exhaust machine→rise along the exhaust ducts to the outdoors→exhaust by a vertical exhaust port or chimney to discharge outdoor.
(iv)? Conclusion
Compared with other occupational injuries, occupational diseases have the following characteristics:?
1. The cause of occupational diseases is due to the fact that the workers are subjected to the erosion of occupational hazards from chemical, physical, and biological factors during the course of their occupational activities or for a long period of time, or they are subjected to the effects of poor methods of operation and poor operating conditions for a long period of time. These factors and influences may act directly or indirectly, individually or * * * together.?
2. Occupational diseases are different from sudden accidents or illnesses in that they can only become apparent after a long period of gradual formation or latency, and they are slow-onset injuries and disabilities.
3. As occupational diseases are often manifested in the body of physiological organs or physiological function of the damage, and therefore only see the "disease", do not see the "trauma".
4. Occupational diseases are irreversible injuries, and rarely have the possibility of healing. In other words, in addition to promote the patient away from the source of natural healing, there is no more active treatment, and thus the prevention of occupational disease research is particularly important. It is possible to reduce the rate of the disease through the attention of the workers, the improvement of the working environment conditions and the improvement of the working method and other management means.
It can be seen that although occupational diseases are included in the scope of work-related disability, it is different from work-related disability.
Note 1
In November 1987, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labor and Human Resources, the Ministry of Finance and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions jointly issued the "Provisions on the Scope of Occupational Diseases and Methods of Handling Occupational Disease Patients," which established a list of 99 statutory occupational diseases under nine categories*** at the present stage of China's?
Note 2
When people in the electric, gas welding work at the end of attention to the eyes of effective protection, or in the snowy wilderness mountain tops, the scorching sun of the desert seaside long walk stay without sunglasses, etc., will make the eyes by the electric arc light or the sun in the strong ultraviolet radiation or reflection and triggered by acute ultraviolet ophthalmitis occurs.
Ultraviolet ophthalmia is also called "photophthalmia" or "snow blindness". Usually after 6 to 8 hours of exposure to bright light, the patient feels intense pain in both eyes, as if there is sand in the friction, while a lot of tears, eyelids red and swollen, strong photophobia and dare not open the eyes.
At this point, you can immediately let the patient lie down, closed eyes, with a cold water towel in the eye for cold compresses. This method can not only reduce the patient's eye congestion, but also can have a rapid pain relief effect. The cold effect continues until the patient's eye pain is relieved. The rescuer should change the cold towel for the casualty in time to ensure the effect of cold compress. If you can find 1% dicaine ophthalmic solution, with its point of the eye can receive immediate pain relief. This drug is a surface anesthetic, to its point after the eye must pay attention to the protection of the eyes, can cover the bandage of both eyes, so as not to feel insensitive into the foreign body can not be detected in time, resulting in eye damage. When the onset of eye pain, if you can not find the above drugs, can be used fresh human milk or boiled and cooled milk point eyes, can also play a protective eye, reduce the role of pain.? After the eye pain is relieved, chloramphenicol eye drops should be ordered in the eye to prevent secondary infection. Thereafter, both eyes should be bandaged or with dark glasses. In order to rest the eyes. Minimize the rotation and friction of the eyeball. Usually after one or two days can be cured. In addition, parents should educate children not to watch the operation carried out by welders to avoid the occurrence of electro-optical ophthalmia.