At present, China's national strategic petroleum reserve management presents a three-level management system, and the establishment and management of the oil and gas exploration reserve base in northern Tibet should belong to one of the bases directly managed by China Petroleum Reserve Center (Figure 8-4).
Figure 8-4 Relationship between Northern Tibet Petroleum Exploration and Reserve Base and other institutions
At the same time, due to the particularity of its geographical location and the needs of local economic construction, in order to better manage it, we can rely on the government of Xizang Autonomous Region to build a national petroleum reserve center and supervise the exploration and construction process of the implementation base. Form a systematic oil and gas strategic reserve base construction management system with national and local governments and specific implementation units, as shown in Figure 8-5.
Because the base is a strategic oil and gas exploration and reserve base, the reserve mode is mainly based on the original storage and mode of underground oil and gas, and there are basically no oil and gas resources that can be used in emergency by strategic reserves. Except for some oil and gas that cannot be used for their own operations, there is basically no construction and maintenance of artificial reserve facilities in the base.
Figure 8-5 Management Organization Chart of Oil and Gas Exploration and Reserve Base in Northern Tibet
In order to make the National Petroleum Reserve Center better implement the construction and management of the base, the Xizang Autonomous Region Oil and Gas Reserve Management Center shown in Figure 8-5 was established. Its authority should be given by the National Petroleum Reserve Center to help the National Petroleum Reserve Center supervise the development and implementation of the construction of oil and gas reserve bases in northern Tibet. After the completion of the oil and gas exploration and reserve base in northern Tibet, its function should be to supervise the daily management of the base.
There are mainly five departments in the oil and gas exploration and reserve base in northern Tibet to carry out various business work. The main function of the infrastructure management department is to build and maintain the road facilities and energy supply facilities needed for the operation of the base. The main function of the Exploration Technology Department is to plan, implement, summarize and manage all the technical data of general geological exploration, oil and gas geological exploration, engineering and hydrogeological exploration required by the base construction, so as to lay a good technical guarantee foundation for the industrial development and utilization of reserved oil and gas in the future. The main functions of the Equipment Management Department are equipment procurement, design, installation and management during the construction of the base, and will be responsible for daily equipment maintenance and overhaul after the base is completed. The storage and transportation management department is responsible for the procurement, storage, storage and transportation of materials needed during and after the construction; It also includes transportation management when the base reserves crude oil. The General Management Department is responsible for other functions that are indispensable for the normal operation of any organization, such as financial management, human resource management, safety and environmental protection management, information management and administrative management.
2. Exploration work deployment design
According to the superposition of the oil and gas potential optimization area of the oil and gas exploration and reserve base in northern Tibet and the comprehensive geological survey results of oil and gas in the continental basin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the oil and gas resource potential of the oil and gas exploration and reserve base in northern Tibet is currently divided into three areas from south to north: Lunpola-Nima basin area, north-central Qiangtang basin area and Hoh Xil basin area. According to the current traffic situation and the degree of oil and gas exploration, the construction of oil and gas exploration reserve base should be carried out from south to north.
One is the Lempola-Nima Basin. The oil and gas geological exploration in this area has been completed, and at the same time, wells have been drilled to see oil. However, after exploration and trial production, it has not reached the level of well sealing, and there is a lack of geological data for well layout and oil production work plan. At the same time, at present, the traffic distribution of secondary and tertiary highways in this area can basically meet the needs of carrying out related work. Therefore, the breakthrough in the construction of oil and gas exploration and reserve base in northern Tibet should be the one with the best conditions among the three regions. First of all, if we concentrate our work here, we can use our limited resources in the places where we need them most and are the easiest to break through, so as to get twice the result with half the effort.
Second, in Qiangtang basin, the best zone is dominant. This belt consists of three relatively independent parts (Table 8-22), all of which are distributed in Naqu area, mainly Paleozoic non-metamorphic rock belt, located in the north-central part of northern Tibet base. Therefore, the exploration work can be planned step by step according to the resource situation. It should be taken as the key exploration object (see Table 8-22 for the classification of key exploration degrees), and the exploration of other mineral energy reserves, including oil sands, shale oil and natural gas hydrate resources, should be considered to make full preparations for the exploitation of oil and natural gas, so as to promote the further exploration of oil, natural gas and other mineral energy resources in Tibet.
At the same time, on this basis, we explore a set of effective working methods, obtain relatively complete geological data of oil and gas reservoirs in Daqiangtang Basin, further verify and clarify the details of oil and gas reservoirs in this area, and do a good job in establishing a national oil and gas reserve base.
Table 8-22 Classification of Key Work Points in Qiangtang Basin
The third is the Hoh Xil Basin. Although the basin is considered to have good oil and gas resource potential at present; Its working level is relatively low; The geology of its oil and gas reservoirs is still unclear. At the same time, due to the harsh environment in this area, it is also a national-level Tibetan antelope reserve. Therefore, after we put the exploration and construction in this area into other areas, we will have further exploration and construction experience; At the same time, before a more comprehensive evaluation of oil and gas potential, a systematic environmental protection scheme is designed.
3. Deployment design of transportation and energy supply construction
First of all, strengthen the construction of traffic roads in Lunpola Basin and Nima Basin. Use the existing secondary and tertiary roads to connect with the strategic oil and gas base in the basin, improve the highway grade, and provide good infrastructure guarantee for future material transportation. Pay special attention to the connection with the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
Secondly, connect the channels between the main favorable blocks. The first choice is to optimize the traffic channels in the block and solve the basic traffic problems in the construction of strategic oil and gas bases. In order to reduce the construction cost, the construction of transportation network should first consider extending the existing roads and taking the existing Qinghai-Tibet railway, highway and other national transportation hubs as the core. This can also give full play to the advantages of existing railway transportation and radiate its advantages to surrounding areas.
Traffic construction planning should try to connect broken roads, and build the road traffic network of oil and gas exploration and reserve base in northern Tibet based on the existing road network. In particular, the Lunpola and Nima bases in the south are connected with the most favorable blocks in the Qiangtang Basin in the north, forming a fast track for the construction of strategic oil and gas exploration and reserve bases, and providing infrastructure for the exploration, development and utilization of oil and gas and other mineral resources and new energy. The preliminarily planned highway connects two east-west roads, one of which passes through the middle of the favorable block zone; There are three roads in the north and south, one in the middle passes through the favorable block zone, and the other in the east and west connects the western Qinghai-Tibet and Qinghai respectively, forming a road network transportation system.
The planning should be fully considered, and the road network in northern Tibet should basically cover the entire oil and gas exploration and reserve base area in northern Tibet to make up for the shortage of the road network in the northern part of the base. At the same time, the bases in the west and east will be closely connected, and the existing roads will extend to the vicinity of major oil and gas blocks. This also provides a basic guarantee for the development and utilization of wind energy and solar energy in northern Tibet.
The distribution area of oil and gas exploration and reserve base in northern Tibet is rich in solar energy and wind energy resources, as shown in Table 8-23[ 194]. There are mainly two wind belts in Tibet. One is located on the northern Tibetan plateau, roughly along the Naqu-Ali Highway, starting from Amdo in the east, reaching the northern part of Ali area in the west, and reaching Gangdise Mountain and the northern part of Nyainqentanglha Mountain in the south [195]. Its average effective wind time is 3500 ~ 4000 h, so it is more than enough to build a small and medium-sized power supply station in these areas for local use. At the same time, these renewable superior energy sources are also within the planned road traffic network. Therefore, in the initial stage of base construction, small and medium-sized solar or wind power generation bases can be built around the completed transportation hub road network. In the medium term, these power generation bases should be further expanded and connected in parallel to form a local area network for economic development for use by the bases. At the same time, because of the improvement of transportation facilities, the equipment needed for the large-scale development and utilization of these new energy sources also has convenient transportation conditions.
Table 8-23 Meteorological Conditions in Northern Tibet Plateau
(According to the reference [193])
To sum up, northern Tibet has obvious advantages of clean energy, and its development and utilization can not only provide energy for the construction of strategic oil and gas exploration and reserve bases in northern Tibet, but also export to meet the energy needs of other regions.
From the long history of human social development, all social conflicts, ethnic conflicts, wars and so on. In the final analysis, it comes from the struggle and defense of "resources". Agricultural society takes land and water resources as the competition goal. With the advent of industrial society, especially the modern industrial era, the production speed is accelerated and the number of products is greatly increased, which makes the supply of industrial raw materials more and more prominent, and mineral resources such as energy resources and metals become the targets of a new round of competition. In recent decades, the market conflicts surrounding energy resources, metal and nonmetal mineral resources have intensified, and the most serious ones are wars in some countries or regions. The recent Nigeria issue and the Iraq war, which lasted a little longer, all revolved around oil resources. Therefore, paying attention to the safety of oil and gas resources has become the common sense of all countries in the world.
In the past 30 years, China's steady and rapid economic development has brought about the shortage of resources experienced by developed countries in the past. Especially in the industrialization period when the applied technology level is not high, the utilization rate of energy and other resources is low, which will inevitably lead to high consumption and resource supply problems in order to maintain and meet production. Therefore, it is necessary to study the supply balance of the energy market and the measures to reduce the threat. According to the global oil and gas resources supply data, the supply balance of China oil and gas market is becoming more and more unbalanced. In particular, the growth rate of total oil reserves is relatively slow, the average annual growth rate is negative, and the average annual growth rate of output is not high. However, oil consumption is growing rapidly. According to the data of BP's World Energy Report in 2009, China's oil can only meet the production consumption of about 10.75 years. Therefore, with the increasing unsatisfied domestic demand, China's oil imports have increased rapidly. In the past 10 years, the average chain growth rate reached 10.89%, and the import dependence exceeded the international warning line of 50%. Although the supply balance between natural gas reserves, production and consumption in China is good at present, it can basically achieve a balanced and coordinated state. However, with the increasing demand for energy, especially the growing voice of environmental protection, the proportion of clean energy in the total energy consumption is increasing, and the supply balance of natural gas is not optimistic. It can be seen that the problem of China's oil import security is very prominent, and the task of building China's oil and gas strategic reserve base is arduous and time is pressing.
In short, to solve the problem of strategic oil and gas reserve management in China, we should learn from the existing experience of developed countries in building strategic oil and gas reserve bases, and form a multi-level, multi-functional and all-round reserve system in combination with China's special economic and social situation and long-term planning. Therefore, it should not only meet the needs of the country's current economic development and national security, but also meet the needs of China's future economic development facing the world. The construction of oil and gas exploration and reserve base in northern Tibet can not only meet the national strategic needs, but also promote the local economic and social development. At the same time, the advantages of regional oil and gas resources can be integrated into Qinghai Province in the north, providing a platform for opening the international window of South Asia for South Asian countries. Whether from the perspective of national self-sufficiency or international energy market, the optimization of China's oil and gas strategic reserve system can reduce the impact risk caused by international oil price fluctuations; At the same time, it can also avoid geopolitical risks and further promote the change of domestic energy reserve layout; Even by building a strategic oil and gas reserve base, it will boost local and industry development and accelerate the process of urbanization.